Disable the following settings, which can cause issues with performance. Show
Disable the following settings, which can cause issues with performance. Disable CPU frequency scalingRecent Linux systems include a feature called CPU frequency scaling or CPU speed scaling. This feature allows a server's clock speed to be dynamically adjusted so that the server can run at lower clock speeds when the demand or load is low. This change reduces the server's power consumption and heat output, which significantly impacts cooling costs. Unfortunately, this behavior has a detrimental effect on servers running DSE, because throughput can be capped at a lower rate. On most Linux systems, a Important: Do not use governors that lower the CPU frequency. To ensure optimal performance, reconfigure all CPUs to use the The performance governor will not switch frequencies, which means that power savings will be bypassed to always run at maximum throughput. On most systems, run the following command to set the governor:
For more information, see High server load and latency when CPU frequency scaling is enabled in the DataStax Help Center. Disable zone_reclaim_mode on NUMA systemsThe Linux kernel can be inconsistent in enabling/disabling zone_reclaim_mode, which can result in odd performance problems. To ensure that zone_reclaim_mode is disabled: echo 0 > /proc/sys/vm/zone_reclaim_mode For more information, see Peculiar Linux kernel performance problem on NUMA systems. Disable swapFailure to disable swap entirely can severely lower performance. Because the database has multiple replicas and transparent failover, it is preferable for a replica to be killed immediately when memory is low rather than go into swap. This allows traffic to be immediately redirected to a functioning replica instead of continuing to hit the replica that has high latency due to swapping. If your system has a lot of DRAM, swapping still lowers performance significantly because the OS swaps out executable code so that more DRAM is available for caching disks. If you insist on using swap, you can set vm.swappiness=1. This allows the kernel swap out the absolute least used parts. sudo swapoff --all To make this change permanent, remove all swap file entries from /etc/fstab. For more information, see Nodes seem to freeze after some period of time. An animated visual of the bug in action. The overflow error will occur at 03:14:08 on 19 January 2038. The Year 2038 problem (also known as Y2038,[1] Y2K38, Y2K38 superbug, or the Epochalypse[2][3]) is a time formatting bug in computer systems with representing times after 03:14:07 UTC on 19 January 2038. The problem exists in systems which measure Unix time – the number of seconds elapsed since the Unix epoch (00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970) – and store it in a signed 32-bit integer. The data type is only capable of representing integers between −(231) and 231 − 1, meaning the latest time that can be properly encoded is 231 − 1 seconds after epoch (03:14:07 UTC on 19 January 2038). Attempting to increment to the following second (03:14:08) will cause the integer to overflow, setting its value to −(231) which systems will interpret as 231 seconds before epoch (20:45:52 UTC on 13 December 1901). The problem is similar in nature to the Year 2000 problem. Computer systems that use time for critical computations may encounter fatal errors if the Y2038 problem is not addressed. Some applications that use future dates have already encountered the bug. The most vulnerable systems are those which are infrequently or never updated, such as legacy and embedded systems. There is no universal solution to the problem, though many modern systems have been upgraded to measure Unix time with signed 64-bit integers which will not overflow for 292 billion years. Cause[edit]Many computer systems measure time and date as Unix time, an international standard for digital timekeeping. Unix time is defined as the number of seconds elapsed since 00:00:00 UTC on 1 January 1970 (an arbitrarily chosen time), which has been dubbed the Unix epoch. Unix time has historically been encoded as a signed 32-bit integer, a data type composed of 32 binary digits (bits) which represent an integer value, with 'signed' meaning that the number is stored in Two's complement format. Thus, a signed 32-bit integer can only represent integer values from −(231) to 231 − 1 inclusive. Consequently, if a signed 32-bit integer is used to store Unix time, the latest time that can be stored is 231 − 1 (2,147,483,647) seconds after epoch, which is 03:14:07 on Tuesday, 19 January 2038.[4] Systems that attempt to increment this value by one more second to 231 seconds after epoch (03:14:08) will suffer integer overflow, inadvertently flipping the sign bit to indicate a negative number. This changes the integer value to −(231), or 231 seconds before epoch rather than after, which systems will interpret as 20:45:52 on Friday, 13 December 1901. From here, systems will continue to count up, towards zero, and then up through the positive integers again. As many computer systems use time computations to run critical functions, the bug may introduce fatal errors. Vulnerable systems[edit]Any system using data structures with 32-bit time representations has an inherent risk to fail. A full list of these data structures is virtually impossible to derive, but there are well-known data structures that have the Unix time problem:
Embedded systems[edit]Embedded systems that use dates for either computation or diagnostic logging are most likely to be affected by the Y2038 problem.[1] Despite the modern 18–24 month generational update in computer systems technology, embedded systems are designed to last the lifetime of the machine in which they are a component. It is conceivable that some of these systems may still be in use in 2038. It may be impractical or, in some cases, impossible to upgrade the software running these systems, ultimately requiring replacement if the 32-bit limitations are to be corrected. Many transportation systems from flight to automobiles use embedded systems extensively. In automotive systems, this may include anti-lock braking system (ABS), electronic stability control (ESC/ESP), traction control (TCS) and automatic four-wheel drive; aircraft may use inertial guidance systems and GPS receivers.[a] Another major use of embedded systems is in communications devices, including cell phones and Internet-enabled appliances ( e.g. routers, wireless access points, IP cameras) which rely on storing an accurate time and date and are increasingly based on Unix-like operating systems. For example, the Y2038 problem makes some devices running 32-bit Android crash and not restart when the time is changed to that date.[5] However, this does not imply that all embedded systems will suffer from the Y2038 problem, since many such systems do not require access to dates. For those that do, those systems which only track the difference between times/dates and not absolute times/dates will, by the nature of the calculation, not experience a major problem. This is the case for automotive diagnostics based on legislated standards such as CARB (California Air Resources Board).[6] Early problems[edit]In May 2006, reports surfaced of an early manifestation of the Y2038 problem in the AOLserver software. The software was designed with a kludge to handle a database request that should "never" time out. Rather than specifically handling this special case, the initial design simply specified an arbitrary time-out date in the future. The default configuration for the server specified that the request should time out after one billion seconds. One billion seconds (just over 31 years, 251 days, 1 hour, 46 minutes and 40 seconds) after 01:27:28 UTC on 13 May 2006 is beyond the 2038 cutoff date. Thus, after this time, the time-out calculation overflowed and returned a date that was actually in the past, causing the software to crash. When the problem was discovered, AOLServer operators had to edit the configuration file and set the time-out to a lower value.[7][8] Solutions [edit]There is no universal solution for the Year 2038 problem. For example, in the C language, any change to the definition of the Most operating systems designed to run on 64-bit hardware already use signed 64-bit Alternative proposals have been made (some of which are already in use), such as storing either milliseconds or microseconds since an epoch (typically either 1 January 1970 or 1 January 2000) in a signed 64-bit integer, providing a minimum range of 300,000 years at microsecond resolution.[11][12] In particular, Java's use of 64-bit long integers everywhere to represent time as "milliseconds since 1 January 1970" will work correctly for the next 292 million years. Other proposals for new time representations provide different precisions, ranges, and sizes (almost always wider than 32 bits), as well as solving other related problems, such as the handling of leap seconds. In particular, TAI64[13] is an implementation of the International Atomic Time (TAI) standard, the current international real-time standard for defining a second and frame of reference. Implemented solutions[edit]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
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Which of the following files is where the default run level is set on some Linux systems?The default runlevel is specified in /etc/inittab file in most Linux operating systems.
Which of the following is the default window manager used by the GNOME version 3 desktop environment?metacity. The Metacity window manager is the default window manager for GNOME.
Which of the following is the default desktop environment used by Linux Mint?Cinnamon. Cinnamon is used in Linux Mint by default. Cinnamon strives to provide a traditional experience and is a fork of GNOME 3.
Which of the following commands will show the current runlevel?Use the runlevel command /sbin/runlevel to find the current and previous runlevel of an operating system. Runlevels zero through six are generally delegated to single-user mode, multi-user mode with and without network services started, system shutdown and system reboot.
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