 Show Chapter 1: history and perspectives Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and what influences behavior. It emerged from the fields of Philosophy and physiology. It was majorly opinion based at first (ex. “What is happiness”) Clinical psychology: the branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders. Cognition: the mental processes involved in acquiring knowledge. Involves thinking or conscious experience Psychiatrists are licensed MD’s who treat disorders with a combination of drugs and therapy. They often work with a team of licensed psychologists Psychologists: many are research scientists, engage in talk therapy and/or behavioral modification. Psychologists cannot prescribe medication. -The main difference between the two is that psychiatrists are more doctors who can prescribe medicines while psychologists are more scientists who are on the other end of the spectrum. Goals of psychology include: ●To describe behavior ●To protect behavior ●To explain behavior ●To control/change behavior Psychologists can work in many aspects of the world including business/government, colleges and administrations, and human social work. Dualism is the theory that states that the mind is a spiritual entity that is seperate from the body and is not subject to physical laws Monism states that mental events are a product of physical events. Our biology (brain) and mind are one in the same- implies that when you die you die. -The main difference is that dualism is the separation of the mind and body while monism is the link between the two Structuralism: based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and investigate how these elements are related. -States that our conscious experience can be broken down into its essential elements. It is composed of sensations, feelings, images, etc. - It is best studied through introspection, fundamental questions (ex. How much red is in an object (subjective))- Wilhelm Wundt believed the focus of psychology should be Examining people’s awareness of their immediate experience. In a discussion with your professor she tells you that she believes that the focus of psychological study should be to break the conscious experience into its basic elements. Which of the following historical schools of thought is your professor’s idea MOST indicative of? Isabel is listening to a piece of classical music and tape recording all her feelings and impressions as she experiences them. Isabel is using a technique similar to the research methodology of Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using a functionalist perspective. It is MOST likely that Dr. Lee would suggest that we can only understand the conscious experience of pain if we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation. The notion that unconscious motivations can influence our overt behavior is MOST consistent with the views of The theoretical orientation that insisted on verifiability of observation was Strict behaviorists would be MOST sympathetic to which one of the following statements? Human behavior is primarily caused by environmental factors. Oliver is studying motivation in chimpanzees. His roommate doesn’t think that Oliver’s research will produce much useful information about human motivation because he believes that information from animal studies will not provide meaningful information about human experiences. Oliver’s roommate apparently has a humanistic perspective. Programmers who were working on a chess-playing super computer asked a psychologist from their university for some help in working out the problem-solving algorithms they would be using. The psychologist who helped with this project was MOST likely a cognitive psychologist. Which modern perspective in psychology is most similar to Humanism? Derrick designed an experiment in which participants listened to a persuasive speech delivered either by a person who was very tall or a person who was average in height. In addition, the speeches were delivered either by individuals wearing business clothes or by people wearing casual clothes. In this example, Derrick Has two independent variables, and will be able to determine if height and style of clothing interact. A researcher is investigating the effect of music on the productivity of employees in a factory. Half of the employees listen to music while working and half do not listen to music. The researcher measures the productivity of each employee. In this study the employees who listen to music are the A researcher is investigating the effect of music on the productivity of employees in a factory. Half of the employees listen to music while working and half do not listen to music. The researcher measures the productivity of each employee. In this study the employees who do not listen to music are the Which of the following is NOT a variation that the experimental method can use? Use an experimental group only and have no control group NASA wanted to know if extended periods of weightlessness would have an impact on long-term circulatory function. The agency located seven former astronauts who had spent more than one month in space under conditions of weightlessness, and tested all aspects of their cardiovascular function. NASA’s research with these seven astronauts would be considered to be Dr. Redding has found a correlation of +0.65 between snoring and weight. This indicates that Overweight individuals tend to snore more than underweight individuals. If A and B are highly correlated, which statement MOST accurately describes the relationship between A and B? the score on A can be used to predict the score on B To determine whether students would like more courses scheduled in the late afternoon and evening hours, the Student Services department sends questionnaires to 50 students selected at random from the 5,000 who are registered at the campus. In this instance, the 50 students who received the questionnaires would be Dr. Stillingsworth is interested in people’s reactions to a controversial jury verdict. Dr. Stillingsworth calls people at their home between the hours of 1:00 p.m. and 3:30 p.m. on a Tuesday afternoon. In other words, only people who happen to be home at the time of his call would be included in the study. In this example Dr. Stillingsworth has MOST likely selected In an investigation of the effects of caffeine on concentration, half the participants were given regular colas which contained caffeine and half were given decaffeinated colas. In this study, the decaffeinated colas are being used as The neurons in Michael’s arm just sent a neural impulse. It will be 1-2 milliseconds before another neural impulse can be generated. This brief time period, when another neural impulse cannot occur, is called the Absolute refractory period. Peggy smells a very strong odor; Harry smells an odor that is barely detectable. Based on what is known about neural transmission you could predict that the action potentials will be the same size in both individuals due to the all-or-none principle. Dr. Bates has implanted electrodes in the brain of a rabbit. When currents of different frequencies are passed through the electrodes, the rabbit will fall into a deep sleep or suddenly awaken. Based on this information, the electrodes are most likely stimulating the rabbit’s If inhibitory postsynaptic potentials did not exist, it would be “easier” for a neuron to fire its action potential. Karlette took some new medication for her hay fever. The medication made her heart start to race, and she became agitated and jittery. It is likely that the medication is increasing the activity in Karlette’s sympathetic nervous system. In order to best study the functional specialization of the two sides of the brain, The two sides must be surgically disconnected. A neurologist believes that Hillary may have epilepsy. To confirm this diagnosis the neurologist needs to record the overall electrical activity in Hillary’s brain. The best way for the neurologist to obtain this information would be to use an electroencephalograph (EEG). The drunken driving suspect was unable to hold his hand out to the side and bring his finger to a stop on his nose because one of the brain structures depressed first by alcohol is the After Paul’s serious snow-skiing accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebral cortex in Wernicke’s area. Because of the damage, Paul is most likely to experience difficulty in understanding what others are saying. Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter Zachary is looking at a reversible figure, which first appears to be a vase, and then appears to be two faces. His perception of the figure keeps switching between these two interpretations. This switching perception is caused by the fact that the figure-ground distinction in reversible figures is often ambiguous. If the human eye was not responsive to differences in the wavelength of light, we would not be able to perceive differences in Evelyn turned the thermostat up from 68 degrees to 70 degrees; however, she doesn’t think it feels any warmer and she wants to turn it up even higher. Her roommate thinks that it is now too hot, and she wants to turn the thermostat back down. Apparently Evelyn has a larger just noticeable difference for temperature than her roommate does. Imagine that biologists have discovered an animal that has eyes very similar to human eyes, but that the only receptor cells in the retina are rods; there are no cones. Based on what is known about human vision you might expect that this animal would Sensory adaptation can explain all of the following EXCEPT hearing your name spoken in a noisy room. Ashlynn was listening to a tape recording of a famous speech that was being played backward. She just heard gibberish until a classmate said the phrase “meet me in St. Louis” was clearly spoken. The tape was rewound and as Ashlynn listened this time, she also clearly heard the same phrase. Ashlynn’s ability to detect the phrase the second time through the tape illustrates the top-down processing model of perception. Giovanni was watching the night sky on a clear evening in November. He noticed that sometimes when he looked directly overhead he could detect a very faint star. A few minutes later it seemed that the star had disappeared, and then it “appeared” again. In this case, it is very likely that the light from the star was just at Giovanni’s absolute threshold for light. Denise was momentarily blinded when paparazzi snapped her picture using a blue flash. Following the flash, she saw spots for several minutes. Based on the opponent-process theory of color vision, the spots that Denise saw Amanda had an operation on her eyes, but the doctors were unable to save the vision in her left eye. One major change that will affect Amanda’s perception is the fact that she will no longer be able to utilize binocular depth cues. If a radio play-by-play announcer describing each pitch during a baseball game fails to notice a naked fan running across the infield, the announcer would be demonstrating Chimps are trained to perform a variety of tasks to get coins. The coins could then be traded in for banana chips which could be eaten. The coins served as a Classical conditioning is to ____ responses; as operant conditioning is to ____. Laura commands her new puppy to “Shake!” lifts his paw, and then reinforces him. After several repetitions, she merely touches the dogs paw and says “Shake!” and then reinforces the dog. Later on, she merely extends her hand near the dog’s paw and says “Shake!” The dog now raises his paw to shake. In training her dog Laura has used the technique called Kylee used to bring drawings home from her kindergarten class every day, and her parents would put the pictures on the refrigerator and tell Kylee how nice the pictures were. Lately, her parents haven’t been putting her artwork on the refrigerator, and now Kylee has stopped bringing drawings home with her. This example illustrates the operant conditioning process of The major difference between a CS and a US is that one reliably elicits the response of interest prior to conditioning while the other does not. One Saturday, Lacey was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Lacey she had just won a $1000 gift certificate. She felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what she could do with $1000. Now Lacey finds that whenever she hears a telephone ring, she feels a surge of excitement. In this example, the rush of excitement that Lacey felt when she heard she had won the gift certificate is the unconditioned response. One Saturday, Clayton was sitting at home when the telephone rang. A local company was making promotional calls and told Clayton he had just won a $500 gift certificate. He felt a rush of excitement at the thought of what he could do with $500. Now Clayton finds that whenever he hears a telephone ring, he feels a little surge of excitement. In this example, the conditioned response is the surge of excitement that Clayton feels whenever he hears a telephone ring. In Pavlov’s original experiment on classical conditioning, the unconditioned response (UR) was salivation elicited by meat powder. Holly was dancing with her new boyfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started playing “Can’t Help Falling in Love with You” her boyfriend gave her a long, passionate kiss, which Holly found very enjoyable. Now Holly finds that every time she hears “Can’t Help Falling in Love with You” on the radio, she becomes a little flushed. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the song, “Can’t Help Falling in Love with You.” A worker receives $1.00 for every two units he assembles. He is being paid on a ____ schedule. Your memory of how to do something, such as how to shoot a free throw in basketball, is contained in your Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included: “dog, pail, and hate.” Later, she recalled these words as: “dig, paint, and hard.” Kiana’s errors in recall suggest that she had encoded the original word list Hayden is explaining the rules of his new computer game to Shane. The information about the rules is being retrieved from Hayden’s If you are given a list of vocabulary words to study briefly before being tested on your memory of the words, as you read through the list you should use each word in a sentence. A 1-800 number for a product Ronald was interested in flashed on the television screen. Unfortunately the number disappeared before Ronald was able to write down the last three digits. However, Ronald found he had a momentary mental image of the phone number, and he was able to complete it, even though the number had disappeared. Ronald’s experience BEST illustrates The profound anterograde amnesia that H. M. experienced after undergoing surgery to control his epilepsy suggests that the hippocampus plays a key role in the consolidation of long-term memories. Inorder to remember the letters HI TRE DBA T, Jade rearranges the letters HI TRE DBA T into “hit red bat.” This is an example of _______________ in SHORT TERM MEMORY. Miles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago. When he closes his eyes and thinks about the accident, he feels as if he can recall every detail of it, right down to the brand name printed on the tires of one of the cars. This type of memory is called Researchers might question the accuracy of recovered memories because of __________________. the misinformation effect You can’t think of a single instance when Cathy helped you out, and so you decide that Cathy must be an ungenerous person. Your judgment is based on the availability heuristic. Joe is betting Jim on whether a tossed coin will land on heads or tails. Joe has bet heads the last four times and has lost each time. If on the next toss he bets heads again and says, “It’s got to be heads, heads is overdue” his reasoning illustrates the Elisa is entering survey data from adult males in a research study. One respondent has listed his height as 6 feet 5 inches, but the occupation is hard to decipher. Elisa thinks it might be basketball player or bank president. She decides to enter basketball player as the occupation. In this case, Elisa probably relied on the representativeness heuristic to make her decision. The use of heuristics rather than “trial and error” is most likely to save time in arriving at solutions to problems. Marc loves to solve anagrams, and spends a great deal of time working through books of anagrams. It appears that Marc enjoys problems that require Claudia wants to send a fragile vase to her parents for their anniversary, but she can’t find any appropriate packing material in her house. She decides to pop some popcorn and use that to pack around the vase. In this case, Claudia has overcome functional fixedness in solving her problem. Eva just upgraded her software package. However, even though the updated version contains a number of more efficient methods for working with files, Eva continues to work with files the way she did before the upgrade. In this case, Eva is showing evidence of If a test yields nearly identical scores when it is retaken after a 2-month interval, the test is said to be. If you are told that Philip displays the mental ability typical of an 11-year-old child, you know Philip’s ____ is 11. If a child who is 10 years old has a mental age of 12, the child’s IQ would be As Erica watched the televised drawing of lottery numbers, she realized she had the winning combination. If her heart starts to race at the same instant that she feels euphoria over winning the lottery, Erica’s response pattern would lend support to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. Imagine that an individual has taken medication that has lowered his or her overall level of autonomic arousal. If this person reports less intense emotional experiences, it would provide some support for the James-Lange theory of emotion. According to the James-Lange theory, people look to ____ cues to differentiate and label their emotions; according to Schachter, people look to ____ cues to differentiate and label their emotions. physiological; situational Scott takes an antihistamine, but he doesn’t realize that the medication will also increase his overall level of autonomic arousal. Thirty minutes after he has taken the medication he is introduced to Danielle. If Scott incorrectly attributes his increased arousal as attraction for Danielle, it would lend support to Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion. As Tevin walked into the strange house, the lights suddenly went out and he heard a loud groan off to one side. Based on the James-Lange view of emotions, Tevin should report “I feel afraid because I am trembling.” One problem with the James-Lange theory of emotions, and the Cannon-Bard theory of emotions, is that both fail to consider the role of cognitive interpretations in the experience of emotions. It is Emilie’s ninth birthday, and her parents have just brought out the biggest birthday present she has ever seen. Her eyes widen and her heart starts to race as she eagerly tears the wrappings off her gift. Based on the two-factor theory of emotion, Emilie should report
“My racing pulse means I am happy because I interpret this as an enjoyable situation.” According to the James-Lange theory, the conscious experience of emotion ____ physiological arousal; according to the Cannon-Bard theory, the conscious experience of emotion ____ physiological arousal. Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion suggests that we distinguish between the experience of different emotions on the basis of our interpretation of the situation. “General bodily arousal contributes to emotion, but one’s interpretation of what is happening gives the specific emotion” is a proposition that would be made by Bob is asked, “Do you have a brother?” He replies, “Yes.” “What’s his name?” “Joe.” “Does Joe have a brother?” Bob answers, “No.” Bob is most likely in which stage of cognitive development? Patricia is upset because she is convinced that her brother has a bigger piece of cake than she does. Her dad quickly slices Patricia’s piece of cake in two and tells her that she now has “more” cake. If Patricia calms down and is convinced that she does have more cake than her brother, it would suggest that she does not yet understand conservation. Criticisms of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development include all of the following EXCEPT the theory focuses too much on individual differences in development. When Matthew saw his older brother’s bicycle fall off its kick stand, Matthew told his brother that the bicycle must be tired from being ridden too much. Matthew’s statement illustrates the type of thinking that Piaget referred to as If a ball that a five-month-old infant is playing with rolls under a chair (and out of sight), the infant will not look for it. Piaget believed that this occurs because the infant has not developed object permanence. Byron is planning to ask his parents if he can borrow their car on Friday night. He is thinking about all the possible reasons they might bring up for not letting him use the car, and thinking of a logical reply to each of these possible objections. Based on Piaget’s model of cognitive development, Byron’s thought processes illustrate the use of formal operational thought. When Sam’s mother made him a grilled cheese sandwich for lunch, Sam complained that he wanted two sandwiches because he was super-hungry. After his mother cut his sandwich in half, Sam was satisfied that he would have enough to eat. Sam’s behavior indicates that he does not understand ____ and is probably in the ____ stage of cognitive development. conservation; preoperational Ten-year-old Sherry watches as you flatten one of two equal-sized balls of clay into a pancake. Sherry says they both still have the same amount of clay, demonstrating that she understands You ask a three-year-old why the sky is blue; she says it is because blue is her favorite color. This answer reflects the ____ thinking that is typical of preschoolers. Water is poured from a short, broad beaker into a tall, skinny beaker. Is there more or less water now? A child answers that it’s the same amount, only it’s taller. The child is in which stage of cognitive development? When Braden was nine, he saw one of his classmates fall under the wheels of a school bus as it pulled away from the curb. Today, at the age of 34, he has no memory of the accident. The evening news carried a flashback of the accident that happened 25 years ago, and Braden still didn’t remember being at the scene when the accident happened. According to Freud, it seems that Braden’s memory of the accident is contained in his If she is using the defense mechanism of projection, a mother who actually hates her son would MOST likely be both unaware of her hatred and believe that her son hated her. Social cognitive theory (aka social learning theory) differs from Skinner’s approach in giving more weight to Janelle is suspicious and uncooperative. Her friends think she is a boastful person who is seldom sympathetic. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Janelle would probably score Joan is an unfailingly polite person who always considers the feelings of others. This tendency to act in a similar manner across situations is indicative of which of the following qualities of personality? In explaining why Cole is deceitful and has a tendency to lie, a psychologist who held a strong behavioral view toward personality development would consider Cole’s previous learning experiences and his history of reinforcement. In an emergency, we would all react differently from one another because we all have different personalities and experiences. This quality of personality is called Graham is a 25 years old male who is extremely anxious about any type of sexual activity. According to Freud’s view of personality development, this anxiety may have arisen from excessive punishment during his toilet training as a toddler. Marcos is very quiet and avoids large groups. Some people consider him unfriendly, and he seldom takes a stand or acts assertively. Based on the five-factor model of personality, Macros would probably score Jason just sat down to work on his term paper when his friends called and invited him to a party. If Jason decides he will only go to the party after he finishes outlining the term paper, his decision reflects the functioning of his Patty is a member of a jury, and she has voted “guilty.” All the other jury members have voted “not guilty.” At this point in time, the other jury members should classify Patty as a member of their outgroup. Ralph watches as a customer with at least 40 items lines up at his express checkout line. He decides the customer must be a real “idiot” to miss the sign that indicates Ralph’s checkout line is an express line with a limit of 10 items. Ralph’s attribution for the cause of the customer’s behavior is consistent with the fundamental attribution error. Marsha believes that all news reporters are cynical, doubting individuals who would sell their souls for an exclusive story. In this case, Marsha’s beliefs about the traits and behaviors of news reporters are one example of Lewis has agreed to proofread a long legal brief that Trudy has written, even though he doesn’t really like Trudy. Lewis knows that he will not receive any additional pay for his extra work, and he thinks that proofreading is one of the most boring jobs there is. However, after the legal brief is finished, Lewis decides that proofreading isn’t such a bad job after all; he feels that at times he actually enjoyed the exacting work. The change in attitude that Lewis has experienced can BEST be explained using cognitive dissonance theory. Sharon has only actually met three musicians who have had full beards, and she has also met three musicians who were clean-shaven. Still, she believes that MOST musicians have beards. Sharon’s belief reflects A self-serving bias is a tendency to attribute our positive outcomes to ____ and negative outcomes to ____. situational causes; dispositional causes Which of the following characteristics is MOST likely to enhance the credibility of the source of a persuasive message? One of your friends brings her cousin Eric to a party. Eric is very attractive. You are MOST likely to view Eric as also being friendly and competent or smart. Tally just heard that her neighbor, Rupert, was involved in an automobile accident. If Tally concludes that Rupert’s reckless driving habits caused the accident, she has made an internal attribution. Martha wins three games of backgammon in a row, even though she has never played before. If Martha assumes she has “beginner’s luck,” she is making an ____ attribution about her success; if she decides backgammon is an easy game, she is making an ____ attribution about her success. external-unstable; external-stable Heather has had several headaches recently. She made an appointment with her doctor because she was worried that she might have a serious problem (a brain tumor!). Her doctor examined her and determined that she was just having tension headaches. Instead of being reassured, Heather immediately made an appointment with the best neurologist in town to have more definitive tests conducted that would support her self-diagnosis. If Heather has a psychological disorder it is MOST likely hypochondriasis (illness anxiety disorder). Oscar was recently taken into custody in Idaho when he was found wandering the streets with no identification. When the police questioned him, Oscar had no idea who he was or where he lived. A check of missing persons showed that he had been missing from his home in Tennessee for the past 10 days. In this case, it is most likely that Oscar would be classified as having Mr. Monk is constantly concerned about cleanliness. As a result he spends hours per day cleaning his apartment, bathing, and washing his hands. Mr. Monk would most likely be diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder For the past month Lawrence seems to have lost interest in most of his normal activities. He feels irritable, and he has had difficulty sleeping. He also finds that he has difficulty making decisions. Lawrence’s symptoms are most consistent with those seen in major depressive disorder. Hope often sits for hours in extremely rigid positions; during these times she seems to lose contact with the external world and does not respond to people who try to speak to her. This would be an example of which symptom of Schizophrenia? After several weeks of feeling gloomy and being socially withdrawn, Marco has suddenly become extremely sociable and talkative. He doesn’t seem to need any sleep, and he becomes irritated when his friends tell him to slow down. Marco’s behavior is consistent with Tony believes that he is Thomas Edison, and he is convinced that his neighbors are spies who are trying to steal his inventions. He believes the neighbors break into his house and search for plans for new inventions when he is not home. Tony’s symptoms are MOST Rishi, a college student, complains that he feels apprehensive and fearful most of the time but doesn’t know why. Without warning, his heart begins to pound, his hands get icy, and he breaks out in a cold sweat. Rishi most likely suffers from generalized anxiety disorder. While he was studying, Matthew was suddenly overwhelmed by feelings of intense apprehension. For several minutes he felt so agitated that he could not catch his breath. Matthew was most likely suffering from _____________ are thoughts. _____________ are behaviors. Who believed that observable behavior should be measured and verified?With a 1924 publication, John B. Watson devised methodological behaviorism, which rejected introspective methods and sought to understand behavior by only measuring observable behaviors and events. It was not until the 1930s that B. F.
Which of the following describes Skinner's theoretical orientation?Skinner was a leading proponent of behaviorism, an approach to psychology that rejected the significance of thought and feeling in understanding actions and decisions. Behaviorism instead focused on the positive and negative consequences of behavior.
What did John B Watson believe in?John B. Watson was a pioneering psychologist who played an important role in developing behaviorism. Watson believed that psychology should primarily be scientific observable behavior. He is remembered for his research on the conditioning process.
What is the world's largest organization devoted to the advancement of psychology?APA is the world's largest association of psychologists, with nearly 130,000 researchers, educators, clinicians, consultants and students as its members.
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The theoretical orientation that insisted on verifiability of observation was
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