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A group of researchers is interested in observing mice ring a bell. As a positive reinforcement, they offer cheese. If the mice fail to do so, they provide a small electrical shock. After some time, they change their reinforcement schedule. From reinforcing every desired behavior, they only reinforce behavior after an unpredictable amount of time has elapsed. What reinforcement schedule have they most likely chosen? Possible Answers: Continuous-interval schedule Fixed-interval schedule Variable-interval schedule Fixed-ratio schedule Variable-ratio schedule Correct answer: Variable-interval schedule Explanation: Reinforcement schedules are patterns that define how often reinforcement will occur for a desired behavior. For a variable-interval schedule in operant conditioning, the desired behavior is reinforced after what seems to be unpredictable amount of time. This resembles receiving a rewarding text message after persistently checking one's phone. There's no way of being able to determine how long the waiting period will be between texts. A simple way to remember the difference between ratio and interval schedules is to keep in mind ratio refers to number of responses while interval refers to time. These terms are modified by the schedule being specified as variable (varying) or fixed (specified). Which of the following best explains how operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning? Possible Answers: Operant conditioning is complex in that it employs negative and positive conditioning whereas classical focuses on one or the other Classical conditioning operates with a stimulus unlike operant conditioning Classical conditioning is complex in that it employs negative and positive conditioning whereas operant focuses on one or the other Operant conditioning focuses on conditioning reflexive behaviors, unlike classical conditioning Classical conditioning focuses on conditioning around the environment and consequences, unlike operant conditioning Correct answer: Operant conditioning is complex in that it employs negative and positive conditioning whereas classical focuses on one or the other Explanation: Classical conditioning was illustrated by Pavlov's dog experiment. Pavlov observed canine reflexively as they salivated at the site of food. He used an initial neutral stimulus and was able to condition the dogs to associate the once neutral (now conditioned) stimulus with the site of food. Ultimately the dogs would no longer require the actual site of food to salivate because the conditioned stimulus sufficed to induce the response. Conversely, operant conditioning was illustrated in Skinner and Thorndike's law of effect, where behaviors that were rewarded were more likely to be repeated than those that had negative consequences. A rat is presented with positive reinforcement for pressing a lever. It is provided a food reward at varying times (e.g. one, two, and three minutes) after a specific lever is depressed. This is an example of which of the following types of conditioning? Possible Answers: Variable-interval schedule classical conditioning Fixed-interval schedule operant conditioning Variable-interval schedule operant conditioning Variable-ratio schedule operant conditioning Fixed-interval schedule classical conditioning Correct answer: Variable-interval schedule operant conditioning Explanation: This is operant conditioning because behaviors are controlled through reinforcement. In this case, a reward, or positive reinforcement, is being presented. This is a variable-interval schedule because reinforcement is presented after varying intervals of time. Scott wants his girlfriend, Victoria, to stop swearing. In order to gradually accomplish this, Scott decides that he will pinch Victoria on the arm every time she swears. What kind of operant conditioning technique is Scott slyly employing to curb Victoria's verbal habits? Possible Answers: None of these Positive reinforcement Negative punishment Negative reinforcement Positive punishment Correct answer: Positive punishment Explanation: Scott decides to pinch Victoria every time she utters a swear word. In other words, Scott is administering an aversive stimulus (the painful pinching) in order to decrease the frequency of Victoria's swearing (an unwanted behavior in Scott's opinion). This is an example of positive punishment. A parent rewards their young child with a compliment whenever they correctly pluralize a word by adding "s" to the end of the word. The child begins to pluralize words like "fish" and "man" by adding "s" to the end, and is upset when this does not result in a compliment. What failure of learning is the child demonstrating? Possible Answers: Modeling error Transference error Specificity error Generalization error Syntax error Correct answer: Generalization error Explanation: Generalization errors occur when a particular reinforced or conditioned behavior leads to a reaction to stimulus (or an attempt at behavior, for operant conditioning) that is superficially close to, but not actually, the desired condition. Examples of this are children overgeneralizing the rules of grammar, dogs learning to bark at (or be friendly to) everyone they meet rather than just the targeted individuals, and a person with a food aversion feeling sick when something smells vaguely like the food they had the reaction to. Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement? Possible Answers: A police officer gives a ticket to a driver who is speeding, reducing their available money. A person who listens to music at a high volume over many years begins to go deaf. A rat which successfully runs a maze is given a saucer of milk. A teacher awards extra credit to anyone who attends every lecture in a semester without being tardy. A child who improves their grade in math to an A is exempted from having to wash the dishes after dinner for a month. Correct answer: A child who improves their grade in math to an A is exempted from having to wash the dishes after dinner for a month. Explanation: Negative reinforcement occurs when a behavior is reinforced via the subtraction of something negative or undesirable from the organism's environment. This could mean the removal of pain or unpleasant labor, a reduction in stress, or an end to some ongoing negative experience. Note that, since the effect of this is to increase the likelihood of the behavior, rather than to decrease it, this is not the same as punishment. Which psychologist is considered to be the father of operant conditioning? Possible Answers: Ivan Pavlov Edward Thorndike John Watson B.F. Skinner Freud Correct answer: B.F. Skinner Explanation: B.F. Skinner based his research off of Thorndike's law of effect and is considered to be the father/founder of operant conditioning (the type of learning in which the effects of an action determine whether it will be repeated in the future). He is most famous for Skinner's box-- a box in which he placed animals to conduct operant conditioning experiments. Ivan Pavlov is one of the earliest psychologists known for classical conditioning and is particularly famous for his experiments in which he got dogs to associate food with sounds, leading them to salivate when there was a bell even when there was not food present. John Watson was a classical conditioning psychologist who is most famous for his "Little Albert" experiment in which he trained a young boy to be afraid of a rat (or anything like looked like a white rat) because he made an unpleasant noise while presenting the rat. This research indicated that humans too could be classically conditioned. Edward Thorndike came up with the law of effect, which states that positive consequences increase the likelihood that an action will be repeated and negative consequences decrease the likelihood that it will. Sigmund Freud is not a psychologist associated with conditioning at all. Instead, he came up with psychodynamic theories that explained people's actions in terms of conflicts in their unconscious. Which psychologist based his research off of Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect? Possible Answers: Sigmund Freud Ivan Pavlov B.F. Skinner Carl Rogers John Watson Correct answer: B.F. Skinner Explanation: B.F. Skinner based his research off of Thorndike's law of effect and is considered to be the founder of operant conditioning (the type of learning in which the effects of an action determine whether it will be repeated in the future). He is most famous for Skinner's box-- a box in which he placed animals to conduct operant conditioning experiments. Edward Thorndike came up with the law of effect, which states that positive consequences increase the likelihood that an action will be repeated and negative consequences decrease the likelihood that it will. Ivan Pavlov is one of the earliest psychologists known for classical conditioning and is particularly famous for his experiments in which he got dogs to associate food with sounds, leading them to salivate when there was a bell even when there was not food present. John Watson was a classical conditioning psychologist who is most famous for his "Little Albert" experiment in which he trained a young boy to be afraid of a rat (or anything like looked like a white rat) because he made an unpleasant noise while presenting the rat. This research indicated that humans too could be classically conditioned. Sigmund Freud is not a psychologist associated with conditioning at all. Instead, he came up with psychodynamic theories that explained people's actions in terms of conflicts in their unconscious. Carl Rogers is also not a psychologist associated with conditioning. He developed a person-centered method of therapy. Which psychologist is most famous for his Law of Effect? Possible Answers: Ivan Pavlov B.F. Skinner John Watson Edward Thorndike Freud Correct answer: Edward Thorndike Explanation: Edward Thorndike came up with the law of effect, which states that positive consequences increase the likelihood that an action will be repeated and negative consequences decrease the likelihood that it will. Ivan Pavlov is one of the earliest psychologists known for classical conditioning and is particularly famous for his experiments in which he got dogs to associate food with sounds, leading them to salivate when there was a bell even when there was not food present. John Watson was a classical conditioning psychologist who is most famous for his "Little Albert" experiment in which he trained a young boy to be afraid of a rat (or anything like looked like a white rat) because he made an unpleasant noise while presenting the rat. This research indicated that humans too could be classically conditioned. B.F. Skinner based his research off of Thorndike's law of effect and is considered to be the founder of operant conditioning (the type of learning in which the effects of an action determine whether it will be repeated in the future). He is most famous for Skinner's box-- a box in which he placed animals to conduct operant conditioning experiments. Sigmund Freud is not a psychologist associated with conditioning at all. Instead, he came up with psychodynamic theories that explained people's actions in terms of conflicts in their unconscious. With which type of conditioning is Skinner's box associated? Possible Answers: Punishment Conditioning Operant Conditioning Negative Conditioning Classical Conditioning Positive Conditioning Correct answer: Operant Conditioning Explanation: B.F. Skinner is considered to be the founder of operant conditioning (the type of learning in which the effects of an action determine whether it will be repeated in the future). He is most famous for Skinner's box-- a box in which he placed animals to conduct operant conditioning experiments. Classical conditioning can be thought of as learning through association and operant conditioning as learning through effect. Positive, negative, and punishment conditioning as methods do not exist. All AP Psychology ResourcesWhich of the following is an example of a variable interval schedule?Your Employer Checking Your Work: Does your boss drop by your office a few times throughout the day to check your progress? This is an example of a variable-interval schedule. These check-ins occur at unpredictable times, so you never know when they might happen.
Which of the following is an example of a variable reinforcement schedule?In operant conditioning, a variable-ratio schedule is a partial schedule of reinforcement in which a response is reinforced after an unpredictable number of responses. 1 This schedule creates a steady, high rate of response. Gambling and lottery games are good examples of a reward based on a variable-ratio schedule.
What is true about operant conditioning?What is true of operant conditioning? It generally involves voluntary behaviors.
Which example best describes the fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?A weekly paycheck is a good example of a fixed-interval schedule. The employee receives reinforcement every seven days, which may result in a higher response rate as payday approaches.
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Which of the following is true of a variable-interval schedule in operant conditioning?
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