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Tolman - Latent LearningBy Dr. Saul McLeod, updated 2018
The idea of latent learning was not original to Tolman, but he developed it further. Edward Tolman argued that humans engage in this type of learning everyday as we drive or walk the same route daily and learn the locations of various buildings and objects. Only when we need to find a building or object does learning become obvious Tolman conducted experiments with rats and mazes to examine the role that reinforcement plays in the way that rats learn their way through complex mazes. These experiments eventually led to the theory of latent learning Cognitive maps as an example of latent learning in ratsTolman coined the term cognitive map, which is an internal representation (or image) of external environmental feature or landmark. He thought that individuals acquire large numbers of cues (i.e. signals) from the environment and could use these to build a mental image of an environment (i.e. a cognitive map). By using this internal representation of a physical space they could get to the goal by knowing where it is in a complex of environmental features. Short cuts and changeable routes are possible with this model.
 AimTo demonstrate that rats could make navigational decisions based on knowledge of the envi-ronment, rather than their directional choices simply being dictated by the effects of rewards. ProcedureIn their study 3 groups of rats had to find their way around a complex maze. At the end of the maze there was a food box. Some groups of rats got to eat the food, some did not, and for some rats the food was only available after 10 days. Group 1: Rewarded
Group 2: Delayed Reward
Group 3: No reward
ResultsThe delayed reward group learned the route on days 1 to 10 and formed a cognitive map of the maze. They took longer to reach the end of the maze because there was no motivation for them to perform. From day 11 onwards they had a motivation to perform (i.e. food) and reached the end before the reward group. This shows that between stimulus (the maze) and response (reaching the end of the maze) a mediational process was occurring the rats were actively processing information in their brains by mentally using their cognitive map (which they had latently learned). Critical EvaluationThe behaviorists stated that psychology should study actual observable behavior, and that nothing happens between stimulus and response (i.e. no cognitive processes take place). Edward Tolman (1948) challenged these assumptions by proposing that people and animals are active information processes and not passive learners as Behaviorism had suggested. Tolman developed a cognitive view of learning that has become popular in modern psychology. Tolman believed individuals do more than merely respond to stimuli; they act on beliefs, attitudes, changing conditions, and they strive toward goals. Tolman is virtually the only behaviorists who found the stimulus-response theory unacceptable, because reinforcement was not necessary for learning to occur. He felt behavior was mainly cognitive. APA Style ReferencesTolman, E. C., & Honzik, C. H. (1930). Introduction and removal of reward, and maze performance in rats. University of California Publications in Psychology. Tolman, E. C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological review, 55(4), 189. How to reference this article:How to reference this article:McLeod, S. A. (2018, October, 31). Tolman - latent learning. Simply Psychology. www.simplypsychology.org/tolman.html Home | About Us | Privacy Policy | Advertise | Contact Us Simply Psychology's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. © Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved Is learning that occurs but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it?This is known as latent learning: learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it. Latent learning also occurs in humans. Children may learn by watching the actions of their parents but only demonstrate it at a later date, when the learned material is needed.
What is learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it?Latent learning occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.
What is it called when learning has taken place but has not yet been demonstrated?Latent learning is a type of learning which is not apparent in the learner's behavior at the time of learning, but which manifests later when a suitable motivation and circumstances appear. This shows that learning can occur without any reinforcement of a behavior. .
In which of the following types of learning does the experience occur before the behavior and then get paired with the behavior?In classical conditioning, the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior.
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Which of the following is learning that occurs but may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it?
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