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Gottlieb Mittelberger, Journey to Pennsylvania, 1750
The sale of human beings in the market on board the ship is carried on thus: Every day Englishmen, Dutchmen and High-German people come from the city of Philadelphia and other places, in part from a great distance, say 20, 30, or 40 hours away, and go on board the newly arrived ship that has brought and offers for sale passengers from Europe, and select among the healthy persons such as they deem suitable for their business, and bargain with them how long they will serve for their passage-money, which most of them are still in debt for. When they have come to an agreement, it happens that adult persons bind themselves in writing to serve 3, 4, 5 or 6 years for the amount due by them, according to their age and strength. But very young people, from 10 to 15 years, must serve till they are 21 years old.

In this selection, Gottlieb Mittelberger is describing the concept of

Gottlieb Mittelberger, Journey to Pennsylvania, 1750
The sale of human beings in the market on board the ship is carried on thus: Every day Englishmen, Dutchmen and High-German people come from the city of Philadelphia and other places, in part from a great distance, say 20, 30, or 40 hours away, and go on board the newly arrived ship that has brought and offers for sale passengers from Europe, and select among the healthy persons such as they deem suitable for their business, and bargain with them how long they will serve for their passage-money, which most of them are still in debt for. When they have come to an agreement, it happens that adult persons bind themselves in writing to serve 3, 4, 5 or 6 years for the amount due by them, according to their age and strength. But very young people, from 10 to 15 years, must serve till they are 21 years old.

As a Middle Colony, the economy of Pennsylvania was especially reliant on immigrant labor that could work

Gottlieb Mittelberger, Journey to Pennsylvania, 1750
The sale of human beings in the market on board the ship is carried on thus: Every day Englishmen, Dutchmen and High-German people come from the city of Philadelphia and other places, in part from a great distance, say 20, 30, or 40 hours away, and go on board the newly arrived ship that has brought and offers for sale passengers from Europe, and select among the healthy persons such as they deem suitable for their business, and bargain with them how long they will serve for their passage-money, which most of them are still in debt for. When they have come to an agreement, it happens that adult persons bind themselves in writing to serve 3, 4, 5 or 6 years for the amount due by them, according to their age and strength. But very young people, from 10 to 15 years, must serve till they are 21 years old.

Because of its Quaker roots, the colony of Pennsylvania attracted immigrants who were

And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that... no sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustic or other dying wood, of growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried conveyed or transported, from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations (colonies) as do belong to his Majesty... under the penalty of the forfeiture of said goods, or the full value thereof, and also the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel, ammunition and furniture.
The Navigation Act of 1660
...Be it enacted,... no goods or merchandises whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation... or carried from any one port or place in the said colonies or plantations to any other,...in any ship or bottom but what is or shall be of the built of England,... or the said colonies or plantations, and wholly owned by the people thereof.
Navigation Act of 1696

What economic system do the above laws reinforce?

And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that... no sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustic or other dying wood, of growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried conveyed or transported, from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations (colonies) as do belong to his Majesty... under the penalty of the forfeiture of said goods, or the full value thereof, and also the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel, ammunition and furniture.
The Navigation Act of 1660
...Be it enacted,... no goods or merchandises whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation... or carried from any one port or place in the said colonies or plantations to any other,...in any ship or bottom but what is or shall be of the built of England,... or the said colonies or plantations, and wholly owned by the people thereof.
Navigation Act of 1696
The laws were passed in the context of which of the following?

And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that... no sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustic or other dying wood, of growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried conveyed or transported, from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations (colonies) as do belong to his Majesty... under the penalty of the forfeiture of said goods, or the full value thereof, and also the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel, ammunition and furniture.
The Navigation Act of 1660
...Be it enacted,... no goods or merchandises whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation... or carried from any one port or place in the said colonies or plantations to any other,...in any ship or bottom but what is or shall be of the built of England,... or the said colonies or plantations, and wholly owned by the people thereof.
Navigation Act of 1696

What effect did the above laws have on the economy of the colonies?

And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that... no sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigo, ginger, fustic or other dying wood, of growth, production, or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried conveyed or transported, from any of the said English plantations to any land, island, territory, dominion, port or place whatsoever, other than to such other English plantations (colonies) as do belong to his Majesty... under the penalty of the forfeiture of said goods, or the full value thereof, and also the ship, with all her guns, tackle, apparel, ammunition and furniture.
The Navigation Act of 1660
...Be it enacted,... no goods or merchandises whatsoever shall be imported into, or exported out of, any colony or plantation... or carried from any one port or place in the said colonies or plantations to any other,...in any ship or bottom but what is or shall be of the built of England,... or the said colonies or plantations, and wholly owned by the people thereof.
Navigation Act of 1696

The goals of the above acts are most similar to which of the following?

Charter of the Royal African Company, 1672
We do hereby, for us, our heirs and Successors, grant unto the said Royal African Company of England and their Successors, that it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Company and their Successors, and none others, from time to time to set to Sea such and so many shipps...as shall be thought fitting by the said Court of Assistants for the time being, of [which] the Governor, Sub-Governor, or Deputy Governor to be one prepared and furnished with Ordnance, Artillery and Ammunition or any other habiliments in warlike manner fit and necessary for their defense; And shall for ever hereafter have, use and enjoy all mines of Gold and Silver...And the whole, entire and only Trade, liberty, use and privilege of Trade and Traffic into and from the said parts of Africa...for the buying, selling, bartering and exchanging of, for, or with any Gold, Silver, Negroes, Slaves, goods, wares and merchandizes whatsoever...

Which of the following does the above charter reveal?

Charter of the Royal African Company, 1672
We do hereby, for us, our heirs and Successors, grant unto the said Royal African Company of England and their Successors, that it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Company and their Successors, and none others, from time to time to set to Sea such and so many shipps...as shall be thought fitting by the said Court of Assistants for the time being, of [which] the Governor, Sub-Governor, or Deputy Governor to be one prepared and furnished with Ordnance, Artillery and Ammunition or any other habiliments in warlike manner fit and necessary for their defense; And shall for ever hereafter have, use and enjoy all mines of Gold and Silver...And the whole, entire and only Trade, liberty, use and privilege of Trade and Traffic into and from the said parts of Africa...for the buying, selling, bartering and exchanging of, for, or with any Gold, Silver, Negroes, Slaves, goods, wares and merchandizes whatsoever...

Which economic policy was the motivating factor for the establishment of the above charter?

Charter of the Royal African Company, 1672
We do hereby, for us, our heirs and Successors, grant unto the said Royal African Company of England and their Successors, that it shall and may be lawful to and for the said Company and their Successors, and none others, from time to time to set to Sea such and so many shipps...as shall be thought fitting by the said Court of Assistants for the time being, of [which] the Governor, Sub-Governor, or Deputy Governor to be one prepared and furnished with Ordnance, Artillery and Ammunition or any other habiliments in warlike manner fit and necessary for their defense; And shall for ever hereafter have, use and enjoy all mines of Gold and Silver...And the whole, entire and only Trade, liberty, use and privilege of Trade and Traffic into and from the said parts of Africa...for the buying, selling, bartering and exchanging of, for, or with any Gold, Silver, Negroes, Slaves, goods, wares and merchandizes whatsoever...

Which of the following posed the most common challenges to the activities described in the passage?

The Navigation Act of 1660.
III. And it is further enacted, That no goods or commodities whatsoever, of the growth, production or manufacture of Africa, Asia, or America, or any part thereof . . . be imported into England, Ireland, or Wales . . . in any other ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but in such as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of England, Ireland or Wales.
XVIII. And be it further enacted, That from and after the first day of April, 1661, no sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigos, ginger, fustick, or other dying wood, of the growth, production or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried, conveyed or transported from any of the said English plantations to any land . . . other than to such English plantations as do belong to his Majesty.

The policies stated in the above law are an example of

The Navigation Act of 1660.
III. And it is further enacted, That no goods or commodities whatsoever, of the growth, production or manufacture of Africa, Asia, or America, or any part thereof . . . be imported into England, Ireland, or Wales . . . in any other ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but in such as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of England, Ireland or Wales.
XVIII. And be it further enacted, That from and after the first day of April, 1661, no sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigos, ginger, fustick, or other dying wood, of the growth, production or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried, conveyed or transported from any of the said English plantations to any land . . . other than to such English plantations as do belong to his Majesty.

Which of the following processes in American colonial history is MOST consistent with the excerpt above?

The Navigation Act of 1660.
III. And it is further enacted, That no goods or commodities whatsoever, of the growth, production or manufacture of Africa, Asia, or America, or any part thereof . . . be imported into England, Ireland, or Wales . . . in any other ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but in such as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of England, Ireland or Wales.
XVIII. And be it further enacted, That from and after the first day of April, 1661, no sugars, tobacco, cotton-wool, indigos, ginger, fustick, or other dying wood, of the growth, production or manufacture of any English plantations in America, Asia, or Africa, shall be shipped, carried, conveyed or transported from any of the said English plantations to any land . . . other than to such English plantations as do belong to his Majesty.

The efforts described in the excerpt above can BEST be understood in the context of

William Bradford, 1621
. . .a certain Indian came boldly amongst them and spoke to them in broken English. . . His name was Samoset. He told them also of another Indian whose name was Squanto, a native of this place, who had been in England and could speak better English than himself. . . a while after he came again, . . .and made way for the coming of their great Sachem, called Massasoit. Who, about four or five days after, came. . .with the aforesaid Squanto. After these things he returned to his place called Sowams, . . .but Squanto continued with them and was their interpreter and was a special instrument sent of God for their good beyond their expectation. He directed them how to set their corn, where to take fish, and to procure other commodities, and was also their pilot to bring them to unknown places for their profit, and never left them till he died.

William Bradford's commentary would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the following?

William Bradford, 1621
. . .a certain Indian came boldly amongst them and spoke to them in broken English. . . His name was Samoset. He told them also of another Indian whose name was Squanto, a native of this place, who had been in England and could speak better English than himself. . . a while after he came again, . . .and made way for the coming of their great Sachem, called Massasoit. Who, about four or five days after, came. . .with the aforesaid Squanto. After these things he returned to his place called Sowams, . . .but Squanto continued with them and was their interpreter and was a special instrument sent of God for their good beyond their expectation. He directed them how to set their corn, where to take fish, and to procure other commodities, and was also their pilot to bring them to unknown places for their profit, and never left them till he died.

The thoughts expressed by Bradford would lead one to believe that the Pilgrims

William Bradford, 1621
. . .a certain Indian came boldly amongst them and spoke to them in broken English. . . His name was Samoset. He told them also of another Indian whose name was Squanto, a native of this place, who had been in England and could speak better English than himself. . . a while after he came again, . . .and made way for the coming of their great Sachem, called Massasoit. Who, about four or five days after, came. . .with the aforesaid Squanto. After these things he returned to his place called Sowams, . . .but Squanto continued with them and was their interpreter and was a special instrument sent of God for their good beyond their expectation. He directed them how to set their corn, where to take fish, and to procure other commodities, and was also their pilot to bring them to unknown places for their profit, and never left them till he died.

The events described by Bradford lend credence to which of the following statements?

Algonquin leader near Quebec, 1677
I am greatly astonished that the French have so little cleverness, as they seem to exhibit in the matter of which thou hast just told me on their behalf, in the effort to persuade us to convert our poles, our barks, and our wigwams into those houses of stone and of wood which are tall and lofty as these trees...Hast thou as much ingenuity and cleverness as the Indians, who carry their houses and their wigwams with them so that they may lodge wheresoever they please? Thou art not as bold nor as stout as we, because when thou goest on a voyage thou canst not carry upon thy shoulders thy buildings and thy edifices...We see also that all your people live, as a rule, only upon cod which you catch among us. It is everlastingly nothing but cod... always cod, until things come to such a pass that if you wish some good morsels, it is at our expense; and you are obliged to have recourse to the Indians, whom you despise so much, and to beg them to go a-hunting that you may be regaled. Now tell me this one little thing, if thou hast any sense: Which of these two is the wisest and happiest—he who labours without ceasing and only obtains, and that with great trouble, enough to live on, or he who rests in comfort and finds all that he needs in the pleasure of hunting and fishing?... Learn now, my brother, once for all, because I must open to thee my heart: there is no Indian who does not consider himself infinitely more happy and more powerful than the French.

The above passage serves as evidence of

Algonquin leader near Quebec, 1677
I am greatly astonished that the French have so little cleverness, as they seem to exhibit in the matter of which thou hast just told me on their behalf, in the effort to persuade us to convert our poles, our barks, and our wigwams into those houses of stone and of wood which are tall and lofty as these trees...Hast thou as much ingenuity and cleverness as the Indians, who carry their houses and their wigwams with them so that they may lodge wheresoever they please? Thou art not as bold nor as stout as we, because when thou goest on a voyage thou canst not carry upon thy shoulders thy buildings and thy edifices...We see also that all your people live, as a rule, only upon cod which you catch among us. It is everlastingly nothing but cod... always cod, until things come to such a pass that if you wish some good morsels, it is at our expense; and you are obliged to have recourse to the Indians, whom you despise so much, and to beg them to go a-hunting that you may be regaled. Now tell me this one little thing, if thou hast any sense: Which of these two is the wisest and happiest—he who labours without ceasing and only obtains, and that with great trouble, enough to live on, or he who rests in comfort and finds all that he needs in the pleasure of hunting and fishing?... Learn now, my brother, once for all, because I must open to thee my heart: there is no Indian who does not consider himself infinitely more happy and more powerful than the French.

Which of the following would be MOST likely to agree with the sentiments described above?

Algonquin leader near Quebec, 1677
I am greatly astonished that the French have so little cleverness, as they seem to exhibit in the matter of which thou hast just told me on their behalf, in the effort to persuade us to convert our poles, our barks, and our wigwams into those houses of stone and of wood which are tall and lofty as these trees...Hast thou as much ingenuity and cleverness as the Indians, who carry their houses and their wigwams with them so that they may lodge wheresoever they please? Thou art not as bold nor as stout as we, because when thou goest on a voyage thou canst not carry upon thy shoulders thy buildings and thy edifices...We see also that all your people live, as a rule, only upon cod which you catch among us. It is everlastingly nothing but cod... always cod, until things come to such a pass that if you wish some good morsels, it is at our expense; and you are obliged to have recourse to the Indians, whom you despise so much, and to beg them to go a-hunting that you may be regaled. Now tell me this one little thing, if thou hast any sense: Which of these two is the wisest and happiest—he who labours without ceasing and only obtains, and that with great trouble, enough to live on, or he who rests in comfort and finds all that he needs in the pleasure of hunting and fishing?... Learn now, my brother, once for all, because I must open to thee my heart: there is no Indian who does not consider himself infinitely more happy and more powerful than the French.

Which of the following conflicts serves as an example of cooperation between the Algonquin and French?

Account of a speech given by Cherokee Chief Ostenaco, 1765
The bloody tomahawk, so long lifted against our brethren the English, must now be buried deep, deep in the ground, never to be raised again; and whoever shall act contrary to any of these articles, must expect a punishment equal to his offence. Should a strict observance of them be neglected a war must necessarily follow, and a second peace may not be so easily obtained. I therefore once more recommend to you, to take particular care of your behavior towards the English whom we must now look upon as ourselves, they have the French and Spaniards to fight, and we enough of our own color, without meddling with either nation. I desire likewise, that the white warrior, who has ventured himself here with us, may be well used and respected by all, wherever he goes amongst us.

Which of the following events MOST likely set the stage for the speech excerpted above?

Account of a speech given by Cherokee Chief Ostenaco, 1765
The bloody tomahawk, so long lifted against our brethren the English, must now be buried deep, deep in the ground, never to be raised again; and whoever shall act contrary to any of these articles, must expect a punishment equal to his offence. Should a strict observance of them be neglected a war must necessarily follow, and a second peace may not be so easily obtained. I therefore once more recommend to you, to take particular care of your behavior towards the English whom we must now look upon as ourselves, they have the French and Spaniards to fight, and we enough of our own color, without meddling with either nation. I desire likewise, that the white warrior, who has ventured himself here with us, may be well used and respected by all, wherever he goes amongst us.

Which of the following was MOST likely a significant cause of the sentiments depicted in the excerpt above?

Account of a speech given by Cherokee Chief Ostenaco
The bloody tomahawk, so long lifted against our brethren the English, must now be buried deep, deep in the ground, never to be raised again; and whoever shall act contrary to any of these articles, must expect a punishment equal to his offence. Should a strict observance of them be neglected a war must necessarily follow, and a second peace may not be so easily obtained. I therefore once more recommend to you, to take particular care of your behavior towards the English whom we must now look upon as ourselves, they have the French and Spaniards to fight, and we enough of our own color, without meddling with either nation. I desire likewise, that the white warrior, who has ventured himself here with us, may be well used and respected by all, wherever he goes amongst us.

Which of the following BEST reflects the Cherokee tribe's long-term adaptation to increasing white settlement on their traditional homelands?

John Eliot's Rules of Conduct for the Praying Indians
I. If any man shall be idle a week, or at most a fortnight, he shall be fined five shillings.
II. If any unmarried man shall lie with a young woman unmarried, he shall be fined five shillings.
III. If any man shall beat his wife, his hands shall be tied behind him, and he shall be carried to the place of justice to be punished severely.
IV. Every young man, if not another's servant, and if unmarried, shall be compelled to set up a wigwam, and plant for himself, and not shift up and down in other wigwams.
V. If any woman shall not have her hair tied up, but hang lose, or be cut as a man's hair, she shall pay five shillings.
VI. If any woman shall go with naked breasts, she shall pay two shillings.
VII. All men that shall wear long locks, shall pay five shillings.
VIII. If any shall crack lice between their teeth, they shall pay five shillings.

The excerpt above is BEST understood in the context of

John Eliot's Rules of Conduct for the Praying Indians
I. If any man shall be idle a week, or at most a fortnight, he shall be fined five shillings.
II. If any unmarried man shall lie with a young woman unmarried, he shall be fined five shillings.
III. If any man shall beat his wife, his hands shall be tied behind him, and he shall be carried to the place of justice to be punished severely.
IV. Every young man, if not another's servant, and if unmarried, shall be compelled to set up a wigwam, and plant for himself, and not shift up and down in other wigwams.
V. If any woman shall not have her hair tied up, but hang lose, or be cut as a man's hair, she shall pay five shillings.
VI. If any woman shall go with naked breasts, she shall pay two shillings.
VII. All men that shall wear long locks, shall pay five shillings.
VIII. If any shall crack lice between their teeth, they shall pay five shillings.

Eliot's rules most directly reflected an interest in

John Eliot's Rules of Conduct for the Praying Indians
I. If any man shall be idle a week, or at most a fortnight, he shall be fined five shillings.
II. If any unmarried man shall lie with a young woman unmarried, he shall be fined five shillings.
III. If any man shall beat his wife, his hands shall be tied behind him, and he shall be carried to the place of justice to be punished severely.
IV. Every young man, if not another's servant, and if unmarried, shall be compelled to set up a wigwam, and plant for himself, and not shift up and down in other wigwams.
V. If any woman shall not have her hair tied up, but hang lose, or be cut as a man's hair, she shall pay five shillings.
VI. If any woman shall go with naked breasts, she shall pay two shillings.
VII. All men that shall wear long locks, shall pay five shillings.
VIII. If any shall crack lice between their teeth, they shall pay five shillings.

Which of the following factors most often stood in the way of attempts to achieve the broader goals suggested in the excerpt above?

Silverberg, Robert. The Pueblo Revolt, 1994
For Spain it was a cruel harvest, not only of gold and gems but of the bodies and souls of men. The Indians who happened to occupy the lands the conquistadores took were treated with chilling inhumanity. They were converted to Christianity, by force if necessary, and turned into slaves...The gods and ceremonies the Indians cherished were forbidden.
...Spanish troops patrolled the valley; a Spanish governor imposed Spanish law; Spanish priests taught the Indians about the Spanish god. The Indians of New Mexico were spared the worst brutalities of Peru and Mexico and the West Indies, but they suffered all the same, toiling to build churches and houses for the invader, working as slaves in his fields, meeting death when they spoke out against his commands.

Which of the following BEST explains why the English colonies were more likely to enter into diplomatic relations (albeit one-sided) with the Indians, as opposed to enslaving them?

Sets with similar terms

Which of the following conflicts is an example of cooperation between the Algonquin and the French?

Seven Years War (1754-1763) Sometimes called the French and Indian War, it was a conflict between France and Britain, in which the Algonquins sided with the French and the Iroquois sided with the British and the colonists.

Which of the following became the primary system of labor in Virginia until about 1680?

Historians now know that small numbers of Africans lived in Virginia before 1619, the year a Dutch ship sold some twenty blacks (probably from the West Indies) to the colonists. But it was not until the 1680s that black slavery became the dominant labor system on plantations there.

Which of the following groups would most likely have been critical of the sentiments expressed in the passage above Edward Waterhouse?

Which of the following groups would MOST likely have been critical of the sentiments expressed in the passage above? Imperialists.

Which of the following was a major unintended consequence of the economic phenomena shown in the map?

Which of the following was a major unintended consequence of the economic phenomena shown in the map above? A system that would make race the determining factor in whether one was a slave or not.