The most crucial ingredient in all learning is
Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This
best illustrates
If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is
the
salivation to the food in the mouth.
If the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the
presentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a(n)
In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of roses after roses are presented with electric shock. In
this fictional example, the presentation of the roses is the
Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that had previously been associated with the presentation of
a female quail. In this instance, the female quail is a
When a CS is not paired with a US, the subsequent fading of a CR is called
The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called
Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise,
however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden
anxiety best illustrates
After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform, 3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman
wearing a white dress. Vaclav's reaction best illustrates
After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident, Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle. Gina's
pattern of fear best illustrates
Evidence that organisms are biologically predisposed to learn the associations that most readily aid their survival has
been provided by
Garcia and Koelling's study of taste aversion in rats.
Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that
the US must immediately follow the CS for conditioning to occur.
A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day.
The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear.
Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of
The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called
On Monday, Johnny's mother gave him cookies and milk after he had played quietly for 10 minutes. On Tuesday, she
required 20 minutes of quiet play before treat time. On Wednesday, she gave him cookies only after he played quietly
for a full half hour. Johnny was taught to play quietly for extended periods through
Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this
case, picking up the infant served as a(n) ________ for crying
A negative reinforcer ________ the behavior it follows
Janna's behavior is more strongly influenced by the momentary thrill of unprotected sex than by the prospect of an
unwanted pregnancy or sexually transmitted infection. This best illustrates the impact of
When the Zantays eat dinner, the family dog begs for food. Sometimes, but not often, the children give in to the dog's
begging and pass their pet a tasty morsel. You would be most justified in predicting that
the dog is going to be quite persistent in its begging in the future
Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ________
reinforcement schedule.
Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?
inserting coins into a slot machine
An event that decreases the behavior that precedes it is a
After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This
best illustrates the impact of
When children misbehave, some parents use time-out, removing the children from their reinforcing surroundings. This
practice best illustrates
Most psychologists think that the use of punishment is
) less effective than positive reinforcers in promoting desirable behavior.
Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations
are called
Latent learning can occur in the absence of
The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own enjoyment involves
Many psychologists have criticized Skinner for underestimating the influence of ________ on behavior.
Classical conditioning involves a learned association between
behavior and its consequence.
Operant conditioning involves a learned association between
When one monkey sees a second monkey touch four pictures in a certain order to gain a banana, the first monkey learns
to imitate that sequence. This best illustrates
The tendency for children to imitate behaviors seen on television best illustrates the importance of
Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are
also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed
to the significance of
Mr. Zandee has stopped smoking because he wants to model healthy behavior patterns for his children. Mr. Zandee is
apparently aware of the importance of ________ in his children's development.
Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had
parents who
modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern.
Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will
talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does.
A dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewed a video of the “Power Rangers” illustrates
the role of television as a source of
Ten-year-old Karen frequently watches violent movies on television. This is most likely to lead her to
experience less distress at the sight of other children fighting on the school playground