Drugs that speed up the functioning of the nervous system are called _________. Show
A: depressants Answer: stimulants Benzedrine, methedrine, and Dexedrine are all _________. A: narcotics Answer: amphetamines According to this theory, sleep is a product of evolution. A: adaptive theory Answer: adaptive theory The key to hypnotic induction seems to be related to __________. A: time of day Answer: state of suggestibility Who among the following people might be a likely candidate for hypnosis? A: Carrie, a 29-year-old woman who is a copy editor for a newspaper and unwilling to allow anyone to hypnotize her Answer: C Which term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1-4 of sleep? A: REM sleep Answer: NREM sleep Narcolepsy occurs when __________. A: REM sleep
intrudes into wakefulness Answer: A In order to treat your sleep problem, you are told that you should not nap, you should set your alarm clock to wake up at the same time each day, and you should get out of bed if you cannot sleep. Given this information, which sleep disorder have you been experiencing? A: REM sleep behavior disorder Answer: insomnia Which of the following can be an emotional symptom of sleep deprivation? A: cheerfulness Answer: depression You meet a psychologist who says she views hypnosis from the social-cognitive perspective. Which of the following is the best description of her view of hypnosis? A: people play the role of the hypnotized person; hypnosis is NOT an altered state of consciousness Answer: A Meriam’s silly, giddy display before the audience gave attendees the impression that her behavior was under the control of the hypnotist. This impression is probably the result of _________. A: basic suggestion effect Answer: basic suggestion effect Which of the following statements describes how Ernest Hilgard explains hypnosis? A: hypnotized individuals dissociate the conscious mind into an “immediate” part and a “hidden observer” part Answer: A Which of the following neurotransmitters are associated with alcohol? A: Adrenalin Answer: GABA Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of _________. A: endorphins Answer: endorphins When amphetamines are abused, the resulting effects may include ________. A: heart disease, high blood pressure, impaired circulation, and erectile problems in men Answer: D One major danger of barbiturates is ___________. A: drug interaction Answer: drug interaction When thinking about getting the sleep you need, it’s normal to focus on how many hours of sleep you get. While sleep duration is undoubtedly important, it’s not the only part of the equation. It’s also critical to think about sleep quality and whether the time spent sleeping is actually restorative. Progressing smoothly multiple times through the sleep cycle, composed of four separate sleep stages, is a vital part of getting truly high-quality rest. Each sleep stage plays a part in allowing your mind and body to wake up refreshed. Understanding the sleep cycle also helps explain how certain sleep disorders, including insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea can impact a person’s sleep and health. What Is the Sleep Cycle?Sleep is not uniform. Instead, over the course of the night, your total sleep is made up of several rounds of the sleep cycle, which is composed of four individual stages. In a typical night, a person goes through four to six sleep cycles. Not all sleep cycles are the same length, but on average they last about 90 minutes each. Are All Sleep Cycles the Same?It is normal for sleep cycles to change as you progress through your nightly sleep. The first sleep cycle is often the shortest, ranging from 70-100 minutes, while later cycles tend to fall between 90 and 120 minutes. In addition, the composition of each cycle — how much time is spent in each sleep stage — changes as the night goes along. Sleep cycles can vary from person to person and from night to night based on a wide range of factors such as age, recent sleep patterns, and alcohol consumption. What Are the Sleep Stages?There are four sleep stages; one for rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and three that form non-REM (NREM) sleep. These stages are determined based on an analysis of brain activity during sleep, which shows distinct patterns that characterize each stage.
The breakdown of a person’s sleep into various cycles and stages is commonly referred to as sleep architecture. If someone has a sleep study, this sleep architecture can be represented visually in a hypnogram. The classification of sleep stages was updated in 2007 by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM). Before that, most experts referred to five sleep stages, but today, the AASM definitions of the four stages represent the consensus understanding of the sleep cycle. NREM Sleep PatternsNREM sleep is composed of three different stages. The higher the stage of NREM sleep, the harder it is to wake a person up from their slumber. Stage 1 / N1Stage 1 is essentially the “dozing off” stage, and it normally lasts just one to five minutes. During N1 sleep, the body hasn’t fully relaxed, though the body and brain activities start to slow with periods of brief movements (twitches). There are light changes in brain activity associated with falling asleep in this stage. It’s easy to wake someone up during this sleep stage, but if a person isn’t disturbed, they can move quickly into stage 2. As the night unfolds, an uninterrupted sleeper may not spend much more time in stage 1 as they move through further sleep cycles. Stage 2 / N2During stage 2, the body enters a more subdued state including a drop in temperature, relaxed muscles, and slowed breathing and heart rate. At the same time, brain waves show a new pattern and eye movement stops. On the whole, brain activity slows, but there are short bursts of activity that actually help resist being woken up by external stimuli. Stage 2 sleep can last for 10-25 minutes during the first sleep cycle, and each N2 stage can become longer during the night. Collectively, a person typically spends about half their sleep time in N2 sleep. Stage 3 / N3Stage 3 sleep is also known as deep sleep, and it is harder to wake someone up if they are in this phase. Muscle tone, pulse, and breathing rate decrease in N3 sleep as the body relaxes even further. The brain activity during this period has an identifiable pattern of what are known as delta waves. For this reason, stage 3 may also be called delta sleep or slow-wave sleep (SWS). Experts believe that this stage is critical to restorative sleep, allowing for bodily recovery and growth. It may also bolster the immune system and other key bodily processes. Even though brain activity is reduced, there is evidence that deep sleep contributes to insightful thinking, creativity, and memory. We spend the most time in deep sleep during the first half of the night. During the early sleep cycles, N3 stages commonly last for 20-40 minutes. As you continue sleeping, these stages get shorter, and more time gets spent in REM sleep instead. REM Sleep Patterns: What Is REM Sleep?During REM sleep, brain activity picks up, nearing levels seen when you’re awake. At the same time, the body experiences atonia, which is a temporary paralysis of the muscles, with two exceptions: the eyes and the muscles that control breathing. Even though the eyes are closed, they can be seen moving quickly, which is how this stage gets its name. REM sleep is believed to be essential to cognitive functions like memory, learning, and creativity. REM sleep is known for the most vivid dreams, which is explained by the significant uptick in brain activity. Dreams can occur in any sleep stage, but they are less common and intense in the NREM periods. Under normal circumstances, you don’t enter a REM sleep stage until you’ve been asleep for about 90 minutes. As the night goes on, REM stages get longer, especially in the second half of the night. While the first REM stage may last only a few minutes, later stages can last for around an hour. In total, REM stages make up around 25% of sleep in adults. Why Do the Sleep Stages Matter?Sleep stages are important because they allow the brain and body to recuperate and develop. Failure to obtain enough of both deep sleep and REM sleep may explain some of the profound consequences of insufficient sleep on thinking, emotions, and physical health. Sleepers who are frequently awoken during earlier stages, such as people with sleep apnea, may struggle to properly cycle into these deeper sleep stages. People with insomnia may not get enough total sleep to accumulate the needed time in each stage. What Affects Sleep Stages?While there is a typical pattern for sleep stages, there can be substantial individual variation based on a number of factors:
How Can You Have a Healthier Sleep Cycle?While you don’t have full control of your sleep cycle, you can take steps to improve your chances of having a healthy progression through each sleep stage. A key step is to focus on improving your sleep hygiene, which refers to your sleep environment (the best mattress, best pillows, or sheets, etc.) and sleep-related habits. Achieving a more consistent sleep schedule, getting natural daylight exposure, avoiding alcohol before bedtime, and eliminating noise and light disruptions can help you get uninterrupted sleep and promote proper alignment of your circadian rhythm. If you find that you have excessive daytime sleepiness or otherwise suspect that you might have a sleep disorder like sleep apnea, it’s important to talk with a doctor who can most appropriately guide your care. Addressing underlying issues may pave the way for more complete and restorative sleep cycles.
About Our Editorial Team
 Eric Suni has over a decade of experience as a science writer and was previously an information specialist for the National Cancer Institute.
Dr. Nilong VyasPediatrician MD Dr. Vyas is a pediatrician and founder of Sleepless in NOLA. She specializes in helping parents establish healthy sleep habits for children. References+11 Sources
What terms do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1 to 4 of sleep?The first three are considered non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, also known as quiet sleep. The fourth is rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, also known as active sleep. In stage 1, you transition from wakefulness to sleep. In stage 2 you enter light sleep.
What are the 4 stages of sleep?Sleep has been traditionally divided into 4 categories: awake, light, deep, and REM sleep. Each one plays an essential role in maintaining your mental and physical health. Note: As you're reading about sleep, you may also see the terms “NREM” or “Stages 1-4.” These are simply other terms for the phases of sleep.
What term do sleep researchers designate stages 1 through 3 of sleep?Non-rapid eye movement (Non-REM) sleep are the first three stages of sleep – from first falling asleep to about the first half of the night. Non-REM sleep disorders are also called arousal disorders.
What are the 4 stages of sleep in psychology quizlet?Terms in this set (5). Stage 1: -Light sleep~ Theta sleep (4-7 CPS) -Hypnic jerk. ... . Stage 2: -Light sleep, theta waves (4-7 CPS) -slightly deeper stage of sleep. ... . Stage 3: -Deep sleep, Delta waves (less than 4 CPS). Stage 4: -Purely delta waves (close to 1 CPS) -the deepest stage of sleep. ... . Stage 5: -Rapid Eye Movement.. |
What term do sleep researchers use to designate stages 1/4 of sleep group of answer choices?
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