The stations are maintained by Ken Gen which sells power to KPLC which distributes it to consumers at a fee. Show Benefits of Tana River Projects 1. The reservoirs provide power for irrigation and domestic use. 2. The dams promote transport by serving as bridges across the rivers. 3. The dams are a tourist attraction e.g. Masinga tourist lodge provides recreational facilities. 4. The dams provide fresh water fisheries. 5. The projects have generated employment to people thus raising their standard of living. Problems Facing the Tana River Projects 1. Shortage of capital to purchase spare parts which has interfered with maintenance of machinery in the power house. 2. Fluctuation of the water levels of R. Tana due to drought in the catchment areas and evaporation due to flowing through the dry Nyika region which affects power generation. 3. Siltation of dams which occasionally blocks the tail race tunnels leading to a low volume of water and dredging is required which is expensive. 4. Inadequate skills and technology which causes failure to maximise on power production. HEP Projects in Uganda It has the largest renewable fresh water resources in E. Africa. It is endowed with numerous rivers and lakes with high potential of electricity generation. The country receives an average of 1000mm of rain throughout the year. R. Nile which flows out of L. Victoria has the highest potential. Where it flows out it has provided a natural water fall. Owen Falls Dam was built on the site in 1954. It’s the Africa’s largest storage dam. It supplies most of Uganda’s electricity (162MW) and exports 30MW to Kenya. The presence of power was a catalyst to industrial development e.g. Njinja town a few metres from the dam became a scene of several industries to use the cheap electricity nearby. The country is developing another power station below the Owen Falls. Kikagat River to the south provides power around Mutukula and Kabale areas in S.W Uganda. Mobuku River supplies most of the power used in the copper mines at Kilembe. HEP Projects in Africa Africa has the largest concentration and potential areas of HEP generation. The potential hasn’t been utilised due to: 1. Inadequate financial resources. Where the projects are to be established the countries seek external borrowing of money which is paid for many years overburdening the concerned countries. 2. Some of the potential areas being in remote areas far away from densely populated areas and industrial areas. 3. Some of the countries are lowly industrialised which means there isn’t adequate market for HEP making the venture economically unviable. 4. Some of the rivers with potential for HEP generation don’t have constant volume of water throughout the year due to seasonal fall of rain which affects power generation. Some of the major projects are: • Aswan on R. Nile • Kariba (shared among Zambia and Zimbabwe) and Cabora Bassa on R. Zambezi. • Kainji on R. Niger • Akosombo in R. Volta (Ghana) • Owen Falls (Uganda) and Sennar on R. Nile • Vanderkloof on R. Orange • Inga and R. Le Marinel on R. Congo. HEP Projects in Tanzania • Nyumba ya Mungu dam and Hale dam on R. Pangani. • Kagera • Malagasi Geothermal Power Projects in Kenya Geothermal electricity is generated in areas which experience Vulcanicity where: • Magma or hot rocks come into contact with percolating water. • The water is heated beyond its boiling point (superheated). • The steam escapes through cracks and holes to the surface . • The steam is harnessed using pipes and used to turn turbines that drive electric generators. In Kenya areas with the greatest potential for geothermal power are found within the Rift Valley from L. Magadi to L. Turkana on Kenya-Ethiopia border. Geothermal power generation is carried out at Olkaria to the south of Naivasha. It accounts for 10% of the country’s power needs. Other potential areas are: • L. Bogoria which has the highest potential with numerous hot springs and geysers by it shores. • Eburu to the north of L. Naivasha • Menengai crater region • Areas around L. Baringo • Magadi • South of L.Turkana. • Between mountains Longonot and Suswa Problems of Energy Development in Kenya The aim is to reduce overdependence on imported oil. 1. Inadequate capital which causes the country to seek external borrowing of money which is paid for many years overburdening the country. 2. Small market for power because of the high cost of connection which prevents its horizontal spread. 3. Seasonal fluctuation of water levels in dams due to low rainfall on catchment areas and some rivers flowing through dry areas where much of water is lost through evaporation which leads to inconvenience to consumers because of power rationing. 4. Regular siltation of dams due to deposition of soil which requires regular dredging which is quite expensive. 5. Location of some power generation plants in remote areas making it expensive to transport power for long distances. 6. There is limited spread of solar power in rural areas because the equipment is expensive to install and lack of acceptance because it fluctuates with seasons. 7. There is lack of acceptance of wind power and many people use diesel to pump water instead of it. 8. There is problem of overexploitation of wood fuel as a result of population increasing at a faster rate which has led to deforestation leading to soil erosion and reduced amounts of rainfall as a result of the effect on water cycle. Significance of Energy 1. For domestic use e.g. wood and charcoal for cooking and heating, etc. 2. For use in industries e.g. electricity, petroleum, etc. 3. Used in transportation e.g. electric cars, diesel and petrol used in motor vehicles, etc. 4. Used in agriculture e.g. diesel for tractors which draw ploughs, electricity for milking machines, etc. 5. Used in water supply where diesel engines wind mills and solar power is used to pump water. 6. Used for medical purposes where electricity is used to run equipment for diagnosis e.g. X-Ray and scanning machines and in refrigeration to preserve specimens on medicine research. The Energy/Oil Crisis Situation whereby the demand for oil is higher than the amount that is being supplied leading to high oil prices. Causes 1. Over-reliance on petroleum and its products. 2. High oil prices due to sharp rise in oil demand. 3. Economic and political sanctions 4. Uncertainties in oil supplies to consumers. 5. Rapid depletion of oil reserves. 6. Conflict in the Middle East especially between Israel and Palestine. 7. Exhaustion of wood fuel 8. Mismanagement of energy 9. Oil production limits set by OPEC 10. Artificial shortages by countries like Russia and USA relying on oil from other countries and conserving their own. Examples of Energy Crisis in the Past • 1973 and 1974 when there was war between Israel and Arab countries. The Arab countries which are OPEC members withheld oil supply to Israeli supporting countries e.g. USA and the result was sharp increase in oil prices. • 1991 first Persian Gulf war caused by triggered by Iraq invasion of Kuwait caused by: (a) Iraq’s claim that Kuwait was its territory. (b) Kuwait was taking oil from Iraq’s oil from Rumaila fields which lay beneath both countries. (c) Kuwait was exceeding the oil production limits set by OPEC. Many Kuwait’s oil fields were set on fire and Iraq dumped about 465 m gallons of Kuwait’s crude oil to the Persian Gulf. There resulted a major oil crisis which was worsened by the trade embargo. • 2003 second Persian Gulf War. Iraq had failed to destroy weapons of mass destruction which she had agreed to do for the 1991 war to end. The war led to a rapid increase in oil prices from US$35 at the start of war to US $50 by 2004. It forced OPEC members to increaser daily crude oil outputs by 8% to stabilise prices. Impact of Energy Crisis (a) Increase in the prices of many commodities as a result of increase in the cost of production and transportation where oil is used to provide power and as a raw material in some industries. (b) Increase in the prices of imports due to high crude oil prices which affect the balance of trade by causing earnings from exports to be lower than the cost of imports. (c) High rates of inflation or devaluation of currency as a result of commodity prices rising high due to the cost of imports being passed to the consumers. (d) Industries are forced to lay off workers because of the high cost of production which can cause losses. (e) It causes the price of other forms of energy e.g. charcoal and gas also to become expensive. (f) Developing countries running into heavy dept as a result of borrowing heavily to pay for oil loans which are paid at high interest rates making the country unable to invest in development projects. (g) Decrease in agricultural production as a result of decrease in the use of agricultural inputs such as fertilizers due to their high cost brought about by increase in oil prices. (h) Decline in the number of tourists as a result of escalation of oil fares making it very expensive to travel. (i) Environmental degradation as a result of environmental degradation brought about by the high demand for charcoal and firewood which leads to soil erosion and low rainfall amounts. Solutions (a) Developing alternative sources of energy e.g. solar, biomass, Geothermal and HEP. (b) Management and conservation of energy. (c) Developing nuclear energy to enhance self sufficiency in energy provision. (d) Encouraging industries to use coal which is slightly cheaper than petroleum. Management and Conservation of Energy Management of energy is effective planning and control of energy resources. Management Measures (a) Control of importation of vehicles with large engine capacity which consumes a lot of fuel. (b) Encouraging many people to use public transport in order to reduce the number of vehicles on roads and thus fuel consumption. (c) Educating people through mass media to create awareness on the importance of conserving energy. (d) Improvement and proper planning of road network to reduce traffic jams in which a lot of fuel is wasted. (e) Agroforestry, afforestation and reafforestation programmes to reduce overexploitation of natural forests. (f) Banning logging, selective felling of trees and resettling people who have settled into forests. Conservation of Energy Conservation of energy is using available energy resources in the most effective manner to ensure there isn’t wastage. Conservation Measures (a) Putting off electricity gadgets when they are not in use. (b) Proper motor vehicle maintenance in order for them to use fuel efficiently. (c) Encouraging use of public transport which carries many people at a go e.g. buses. (d) Encouraging use of renewable sources of energy e.g. solar, wind and biogas to save on oil and wood. (e) Encouraging use of energy saving stoves which use little charcoal and produce a lot of energy. Industry Industry - any form of economic activity through which people produce goods and services for their consumption. Industrialisation - process through which a country establishes manufacturing industries. A country is referred to as industrialised when production of manufactured goods is the main economic activity in that country. Less industrialised countries mainly produce agricultural raw materials. Factors Influencing Location and Development of Industries Raw Materials • Industries are located near sources of raw materials to reduce transportation costs e.g. sugar milling factories in sugar growing areas, mostly in urban areas near airports and oil refineries at the coast since oil is bulky and expensive to transport inland. • They are also established where there is a steady source of raw materials in order for them to be economically viable e.g. oil refineries at the coast Power • They are located near main power supply pints to reduce the cost of transmitting power e.g. those in Jinja town near Owen falls dam. Transport and Communication • They are located where transportation system is well established to ensure efficient and quick transportation of raw materials to industries and finished goods to the market e.g. in urban centres. • They are located where there is efficient communication so as to stay in touch with their suppliers and their consumers. • Well developed communication systems also lower the transport cost. Market • They are located where buyers of products are available or in areas with dense population to make their operation to be economically viable since they are established for commercial purpose to make a profit e.g. in urban areas, Kenya highlands, lake region and coastal strip. • Location near markets is also due to the nature of goods e.g. perishable goods have to be consumed before they go bad e.g. bread and daily products. Industries making fragile goods are located near markets to prevent the high risk of breakage during transportation e.g. glass, bricks and roofing tiles. Labour • Labour intensive industries are located in densely populated areas where there is adequate and cheap labour to reduce production costs. • Also so as to reduce the cost of transporting and housing workers. • A country with skilled manpower has faster industrial growth than that without which are forced to depend on expatriates who are costly to hire and maintain which lowers the profits of such industries. • Industries also require skilled manpower and management skills to ensure maximum output and low production costs. Water Supply • Some are located near sources of water such as large permanent rivers and lakes to provide water for processing raw materials e.g. coffee pulping, sugar milling e.g. Mumias near R. Nzoia, Sony near R. Migori and Chemilil near R. Nyando. Government Policies • Decentralisation of industries or encouraging by providing incentives location of industries from urban to rural areas. Incentives 1. Tax exemptions 2. Protection from foreign competition. Aims 1. Develop all parts. 2. Create jobs in rural areas to minimize rural-urban migration. 3. Take industries where labour is found. 4. Open remote or underdeveloped areas for development. 5. To reduce congestion in the capital city. 6. Environmental reasons whereby industries are located away from residential areas because they produce harmful fumes and a lot of noise. 7. Security reasons to prevent industries from being attacked by terrorists because if they were all together there would be a great loss. E.g. EPZ industries located at Athi River to reduce congestion in Nairobi industrial area and Mariakani and Kikuyu Steel Rolling Mills established in their respective areas to open up the region for development Industrial Inertia -Tendency of an industry to remain in a particular place even when the factors for its location no longer exist e.g. industries in the Ruhr Region of Germany have remained at the same place despite closure of coal fields and decline in coal as an energy source. Causes • It may be expensive to move to a new place because new factory buildings would have to be constructed, buying new machinery and equipment. • Due to availability of experienced workers. • To avoid the problem of transportation and other basic infrastructural facilities. Capital • A lot of capital is required in establishing and developing industry e.g. for purchasing land, putting up buildings and purchasing machinery and equipment. • Countries with plenty of capital industrialise with greater ease than those with little capital which often rely on foreign aid and multinational corporations to set up domestic industries which reduces benefits accruing from such industries. Personal Decisions • Security to allow secure operations. • Where they can get maximum benefits. • To set industries in their home areas to offer jobs to their local people. The Cost of Land • A place where land is expensive discourages industrial development e.g. industries are now being established in the neighbouring towns of Kitengela, Ruiru and Athi River because land is expensive in Nairobi. Types/Classification of Industries According To Raw Materials Used, Products and Level Of Production Primary /Processing Industries Industries involved in the exploitation of natural resources (e.g. mining, fishing, forestry and agriculture) or processing raw materials into more useful and valuable form which are used in making final products e.g. coffee pulp factories, cotton ginneries, milk dairies, sugar factories, saw mills, abattoirs, leather tanneries, posho mills and sisal factories. Secondary /Manufacturing industries - Ones which rely on processed goods to make final products or which make final products directly from raw materials e.g. sweet industries, bread, cement factories, oil refineries, cigarette making, pulp and paper industries, etc. Tertiary /service industries -Industries involved in providing services and don’t produce tangible goods e.g. transport and communication, trade, banking, tourism, administration, education, medical, etc. According To the State of Finished Goods Heavy Industries • Manufacture heavy and bulky products. • Use heavy raw materials. • Involve heavy investment in their production. • Production is in large scale e.g. ship building, car manufacturing and assembling, oil refineries, steel rolling mills, fertiliser making plants, glass industries etc. Light Industries Ones involved in making goods with little volume and weight e.g. textile, cosmetics, plastic, printing, electronics, cigarette, etc. Distribution of Industries in Kenya Agricultural Industries 1. Agricultural Food Processing Industries -located where raw materials are produced because they require immediate processing e.g. tea factories, sugar factories, milk Processing plants in the leading dairy farming regions e.g. Eldoret, Nakuru and Kiganjo, coffee factories in coffee growing areas e.g. Kiambu, Nyeri, Embu, fruit canning e.g. Del Monte in Thika and Kenya Orchards Company in Mua Hills in Machakos, Maize milling e.g. Unga Ltd in Eldoret Kisumu and Nairobi, Brewing industries e.g. East African Breweries at Ruaraka, KMC plants at Athi River, etc. 2. Agricultural Non-Food Processing Industries -Cotton ginneries, sisal factories, Bata Shoe Company in Limuru, cigarette making e.g. mastermind and BAT, Lumbering industries e.g. Pan African Paper Mills in Webuye near extensive pine plantations in Turbo And Webuye, textile industry e.g. Kisumu Cotton Mills in growing areas of W. Kenya. Non-Agricultural Manufacturing Industries -many are located in urban areas where there is a large ready market, reliable power supply and adequate labour force e.g. cement factories at Athi River and Bamburi, Oil refining at Changamwe in Mombasa, steel rolling mills in the industrial area of Nairobi where scrap metal is available, Central glass company at Kasarani, clay products industries near Ruiru and Githunguri near sources of clay, Vehicle Assembling industries which import car components and join them to make cars e.g. General Motors in Nairobi and Associated vehicle Assemblers in Mombasa, pharmaceutical industries which manufacture medical products e.g. Glaxo Smithkline and Beta Health Care in Nairobi. Cottage Industries - Industries involved in making products particularly in homes using hands and simple tools. Characteristics 1. Locally available materials are used. 2. Capital infested is small. 3. Most of the products are sold to the local market but few are exported. 4. Skills are acquired informally. 5. Use of hands and simple and sometimes advanced tools. 6. Usually involve an art or skill possessed by a person to produce items that are in demand in the neighbourhood. 7. it’s labour intensive. 8. Very few items are made because the market for items is usually small. Examples of Cottage Industries Pottery - Cottage industry in which pots and flower vases are made using clay. Its practised mainly in eastern and central provinces and by women. Examples of areas are Kwale and Muranga. Wood and Stone Carving - Involves curving of wood and stone into various shapes of animals, humans, etc. Wood carving is practised in Kitui and Machakos while soapstone (soft metamorphic rock) carving is done in Kisii. Some products are sold locally while the rest are exported with some being bought by tourists as souvenirs (reminder). Weaving -I nvolves using sisal, dry palm leaves dry papyrus, nylon fibres etc to make products such as baskets, mats, and fish traps etc. Baskets mainly known as Ciondos are mainly done by Agikuyu women and are sold locally and to tourists. Weaving is also practised along the coastal region where dry palm leaves are used to make baskets, mats, etc. Other cottage industries are such as those making use of scrap metal to make metal boxes, wheel barrows, energy saving jikos, rain harvesting gutters, poultry harvesting equipment, swords, knives, spears, jembes, iron bells and jingles and boat making common among communities living around L. Victoria and along the coast. Jua Kali Industries - The most common and popular cottage industry. Jua kali practitioners include those who are employed in all informal sectors of the economy such as shoe repairers, tailors, carpenters, watch repairers, barbers, mechanics, and tyre-menders, Jua kali industries are found in all urban centres. The most common activity is reprocessing old scrap metal to produce useful products listed above. The government has realised the importance of the industry and is encouraging its development in the following ways: 1. The ministry of Trade and Industry has set up a department to promote this industry. 2. KIE provides loans to Jua Kali industry for the purchase of materials. 3. KIE has put permanent structures/sheds where the artisans can operate at low costs. 4. The local authorities have set aside land for use by Jua Kali artisans. 5. Jua Kali artisans have been encouraged to form cooperatives to assist in the marketing of their products. Importance of the Jua Kali Sector 1. Has created employment opportunities to many people who would otherwise be jobless offering them a means of livelihood, alleviating poverty. 2. It has helped to raise the standard of living of many Kenyans who rely on it for income. 3. it utilises materials that would otherwise be thrown away to make items. 4. Jua Kali products earn the country substantial foreign exchange when they are exported to COMESA countries. 5. The industry produces cheaper goods than those produced in the formal industries. Significance of Industrialisation to Kenya 1. Kenya earns foreign exchange after exporting her manufactured goods which is used to develop other sectors of the economy such as education, health care and transport. 2. Industries employ people providing them with income which helps to raise their standard of living. 3. Industrialisation has led to development of transport and communication and social amenities such as power, water, schools and medical facilities where industries have been established. 4. Agricultural based industries have led to increased agricultural production in the process of meeting the rising demand for raw materials. 5. Establishment of industries has led to diversification of the economy thereby helping the country to earn revenue throughout even when agriculture which is the backbone of the economy fails as a result of adverse weather conditions. 6. • Workers in industries have joined together and formed co-operatives in which they save money and are then given loans which they use to start projects or generally enhance their living standards. • The government also gets revenue through taxation of the dividends got at the end of the year from the profits of SACCOs. 7. Industrial exports help in maintaining a balance of trade between Kenya and her trading partners by reducing over reliance on imports. 8. Industrial exports to other countries create a trading co-operation which in turn helps to foster good relationships among countries of the world. 9. Industries based on locally available materials encourage utilisation of resources which would be otherwise be idle. 10. Establishment of industries promote development of urban centres because it encourages people to move to the area in search of jobs and accommodation and other services are provided. 11. Industrialised countries are likely to produce adequate goods making them to be self-sufficient in industrial goods. Problems of Industrialisation and Their Possible Solutions 1. Kenya lacks adequate capital for industrial establishment forcing her to get loans from financial institutions such as I.M.F and World Bank whose interest rates are very high and sometimes come with strings attached. • The solution is government to give incentives such as tax exemptions to investors in order to establish industries. • Local financial institutions should assist by giving long term loans at affordable loans. 2. Industries suffer from the problem of raw materials e.g. agricultural industries when agriculture fails due to adverse weather conditions. Timber industry suffers due to trees taking long time to mature and those depending on imported raw materials suffer when strict exchange control are put in place. • The solution is supplementing local raw materials with imported raw materials. • Planting more trees to increase raw materials required for timber related industries. 3. Local market for industrial goods isn’t sufficient to sustain production due to low purchasing power, the cost of manufactured goods being too high due to the high cost of raw materials and the preference of some people to buy imported products thinking they are of better quality. • Government should explore market within regional trading like COMESA, EAC, etc. • It should also provide technical assistance to local manufacturers so that produce goods of high quality in order to be able to compete favourably in the world market. • Government to lower tax on raw materials in order to reduce the prices of manufactured goods. 4. Lack of skilled labour due to brain drain forcing the government to employ expatriates whose salary package is very high thus lowering the profits. It may also lead to poor management leading to losses and eventual close down of some industries. • More people should be trained in respective fields to make up for shortage. • Improvement of salaries and working conditions to check the brain drain. 5. Locally produced goods compete with imported goods which are in most cases cheaper leading to the decline or death of local industries. There for instance is importation of 2nd hand clothes which has led to the decline of textile industry. • Imposing heavy duties on imported products which are also produced locally. • Improving the quality of locally manufactured goods so that they can compete favourably. • Eliminating corruption in the importation sector to ensure goods aren’t imported illegally. 6. There is the problem of the high cost of energy due to importation of petroleum at very high cost causing the industrial costs to tremendously increase thus affecting the marketability of the products as they become affordable. 7. Industries cause environmental degradation e.g. pollution from the emissions they release into the air and effluents they release into water bodies. Atmospheric has led to global warming and water pollution to death of fish. Industries such as cement manufacturing make land derelict by depositing rock wastes on the ground. • The problem can be reduced through strict legislation against dumping of industrial wastes and inspection of industrial activities to ensure wastes aren’t released to the environment before treatment. 8. Has led to the neglecting of agriculture when able bodied people move to urban areas to look for jobs in industries, when people neglect food crops and take up cash crop production. • The problem can be solved by offering better prices for agricultural produce to make agriculture more attractive. • Farmers should be encouraged to diversify their activities. 9. it has led to unemployment as it has led to technological innovations such as computers and robots and other automatic gadgets which have replaced physical manpower. • People are being encouraged to become self employed. • Industries are also discouraged from laying down their staff. 10. Has led to displacement of people by forcing people to vacate the area where manufacturing industries are being established e.g. the preparation for titanium mining at Kwale District. • The solution is compensating and resettling the displaced residents. • Efforts should be made to locate industries in sparsely populated areas. 11. Causes rural to urban migration as a result of establishment of industries in urban areas where rural dwellers go to seek for jobs. This has caused shortage of labour in rural farms, congestion in urban areas leading to pressure on existing social amenities, inadequate job opportunities leading to crime and other social evils, etc. • The government should ensure equitable distribution of industries throughout the country. • It should encourage industries to be put up in rural areas through tax exemptions. • Provision of amenities such as electricity, clean water and entertainment facilities in rural areas. Cottage Industry in India The major areas in which it’s highly developed include Mumbai, Jabalpur, Magpur, Bhopal, Bhutan, Madras, Calcuta, Bangalore, Lucknow and Moradabad. The industry involves weaving, making clothes, brass, Copper and silver ware ornamental ivory, jewellery, carpets, safety matches, etc. Characteristics of Cottage Industry in India (Comparison) 1. The cottage industries are rural based while in Kenya they are rural and urban based. 2. The craftsmen are highly skilled while in Kenya not all are highly skilled. 3. Labour in the industry is provided by individuals or members of the family while in Kenya its individuals or members of groups. 4. Industry is owned by the family in India while in Kenya it’s owned by individuals. 5. In India cottage industries are found almost everywhere (ubiquitous) while in Kenya they are mostly in urban areas and some few homes. 6. There are middlemen who supply raw materials to the industry while in Kenya they obtain raw materials directly from their sources. 7. Other characteristics are typical of cottage industries. Factors for the Development of Cottage Industry in India 1. The industry requires little capital outlay to establish. 2. Majority of Indians are very skilled weavers and ornamental ware makers. 3. The high demand for products in the populous sub continent has led to the development of the industry. 4. India has a huge population which ensures a steady supply of cheap labour. 5. The industries don’t require big space so they can be established anywhere e.g. in homes and small rented rooms. 6. Abundant supply of locally available raw materials which are used in the cottage industry. 7. Availability of hydroelectric power which is well distributed within the rural towns. 8. The urge of people to earn an income in order to uplift their living standards. 9. Availability of simple and affordable tools and machines. Problems Faced By Cottage Industries in India 1. Difficulty in obtaining raw materials at affordable prices. 2. Shortages of capital as most of the people are poor and have little access to modern banking facilities. • Artisans could form co-operatives through which they could get raw materials and loans. 3. Competition from other industries making similar products. 4. Difficulties in making the products. 5. Exploitation of the artisans by the middlemen when they sell raw materials to them at high prices. • Government of India to introduce policy to stop the interference of the middlemen. Iron and Steel Industry in the Ruhr region of Germany Ruhr Region derives its name from R. Ruhr a tributary of R. Rhine. Its one of the most industrialised regions of the world. Other areas of the world which are highly industrialised are: 1. Pittsburgh industrial region of U.S.A. 2. Moscow area of former Soviet Union. 3. Tokyo-Yokohama region of Japan. 4. S.E England in Britain and 5. Rotterdam area in the Netherlands. One of the leading industries deals in iron and steel which is one of the most important industries in the present advanced technological world as it provides raw materials to many other industries. The basic raw materials are iron ore, coal and limestone mixed in the blast furnace to get iron. Factors Which Have Led To the Development of Iron and Steel Industry in the Ruhr Region of Germany 1. There is availability of raw materials because the region has coal, iron ore and limestone making it economical to set up iron and steel industry there. 2. There is availability of cheap water transport for transportation of raw materials and finished products because the region is served by navigable rivers and canals e.g. R. Ruhr, Lippe, Dortmurd-Ems Canal, etc. 3. There is availability of ready market for iron and steel from the dense and affluent population in C. and W. Europe. 4. There are abundant sources of power such as coal, oil and H.E.P. necessary in iron and steel industries. 5. There is availability of capital for development of iron and steel industry due to presence of rich companies, companies and capital accrued from other industries like coal. 6. The region is centrally located in Europe which offers easy access to all parts of Europe. Significance of Iron and Steel Industry in the Ruhr Industrial Region 1. Led to the improvement of transport network due to the need to transport raw materials and finished products related to iron and steel industry. 2. Led to growth and expansion of towns e.g. Essen, Dortmund and Duisburg. 3. Many people have been employed in the iron and steel industry as loaders, clerks, drivers and operators. 4. Has led to promotion of agriculture due to the need to feed the huge population in the industrial towns in the Ruhr region. 5. Led to provision of social amenities to cater for the workers in the industrial region e.g. schools, health centres, housing and recreational facilities. Problems Facing the Ruhr Industrial Region 1. There is environmental pollution from smoke and fumes from coal which is the major fuel and solid wastes which are discharged into the rivers. 2. There is congestion and overcrowding in housing and social amenities due to the large influx of people to the Ruhr region in search of employment. 3. Depletion of coal mines due to coal being a non-renewable resource and continued mining. Coal mining has become expensive as it has to be brought to the surface from great depths. Car Manufacturing and Electronics Industry in Japan Japan is a country to the east of Asiatic continent made of numerous major/large and minor/small islands. Major Islands • Hokkaido • Honshu • Kyushu • Shikoku Minor Islands • Okinawa • Nancei • Zu • Kagoshima and • Chisima 80% of the land consists of the rugged mountainous landscape which doesn’t favour agriculture making the Japanese to concentrate on the development of manufacturing industries such as chemical, textile, iron and steel and automobiles (car manufacturing) and electronics which become very important. Examples of automobile companies include the Mitsubishi and Toyota Motor Corporations while examples of electronics companies include Sony and Toshiba. Factors Favouring Electronics and Car Manufacturing In Japan 1. Advanced technology e.g. all the plants dealing with electronics and automobiles are automated (robots controlled by computers) which increases efficiency leading to production of large number of units, lowers production costs and leads to production of high quality goods which are competitive in the world market. 2. Cars and electronics manufactured in Japan aren’t expensive compared with those from European countries which make them to be in high demand all over the world. 3. 80% of the land consists of the rugged mountainous landscape which doesn’t favour agriculture making the Japanese to concentrate on the development of manufacturing industries of which automobiles (car manufacturing) and electronics have become very important. 4. Japan produces cars which are fuel efficient which creates a high demand for them in the world market encouraging the country to produce more. 5. There is availability of a ready market due to Japanese high population with high purchasing power and high demand for Japanese cars and electronics due to their high quality, affordability and fuel efficiency of their automobiles in Africa, S. America, Asia and Europe. 6. There is availability of capital from the profits accrued from other industries like ship building, machinery, textiles, fishing and tourism which are invested in the development of other industries including automobiles and electronics. 7. There is availability of skilled, dedicated and hardworking manpower is available in Japan which has led to production of quantitative and qualitative automobiles and electronics products which reduces production costs and makes goods to be of high demand which in turn stimulated more production. 8. Japan is located in a strategic position making it accessible from all directions via the sea enabling the raw materials and manufactured goods to be transported to or from any part of the world through the modern ports of Tokyo, Nagoya and Osaka. 9. There is abundant water from the lakes, many rivers within the highlands and the Pacific Ocean surrounding Japan which is a prerequisite in a manufacturing plant. It is used in the iron and steel industry whose products are in turn used in the automobile and electronics industry. Major Car Manufacturing Zones in Japan Tokyo-Yokohama Industrial Zone - The most important and the leading motor vehicle manufacturing region. Manufacturing cities in this region include Tokyo, Yokohama, Chiba and Hitachi (electronics products). Osaka-Kobe Industrial Zone -2nd most important car manufacturing zone. It’s located on Honshu Island. Manufacturing cities in the region are Kobe, Osaka, Kyoto, Otsu, Wakayama and Akashi. Nagoya Industrial Zone - 3rd largest car manufacturing zone. It’s also on Honshu Island. Manufacturing zones include Nagoya, Honda, Toyota and Okazaki. Toyota Motor Corporation has its headquarters at the City of Chiru 20km east of Nagoya. Electronics Major car manufacturing cities include Tokyo, Kobe and Osaka and others are towns of Hitachi and City of Chiru (Fuji machine). Transport and Communication Transport is the act of moving items and people from one place to another while communication is the process of transferring information between individuals, groups and places. Factors influencing Transport and Communication 1. Existence of sets of corresponding places with sur plus (supply) and deficits (demand) for goods, services and information. 2. Alternative sources may hinder transport and communication e.g. a nearby source of market of a required commodity or source of information or means of communication. 3. Infrastructure depending on how it is can lead to establishment of efficient or inefficient transport and communication network. 4. Politics where by the government may ban use of certain means of communication e.g. as was the case with Google in China or where the government may decide to be the leading provider of transport and communication facilities. Modes of Transport There are 3 common modes of transport namely land, water and air transport. Land Transport - The type that involves movement of people and goods on land. Types of Land Transport 1. Human Porterage -Movement of people from one place to another carrying light goods on their back, hands or shoulders or by using hand carts, trolleys, bicycles or motorcycles. 2. Use of animals - Use of domesticated animals to carry goods and people on their back or pull loaded carts (drought animals). Advantages of Human and Animal Transport (a) It’s the cheapest and can be used by all classes of people since no fuel is used. Animals require very low maintenance costs as they feed on vegetation. (b) Relatively safe because few accidents occur during transportation. (c) Doesn’t pollute the environment as it doesn’t use fossil fuels. (d) They are flexible in that they can be used to transport goods in areas without good road network. (e) It’s convenient in that it’s readily available whenever required. Disadvantages (a) Goods can be stolen or destroyed by wild animals and extreme weather conditions because they are exposed. (b) They are a very slow means of transport hence time consuming, tedious and boring. (c) They can’t transport large quantities of goods because human and animal energy get exhausted with time. (d) They can cause congestion on busy urban roads which may delay other forms of transport. 3. Road Transport - Means of transportation of people and goods by motor vehicles on roads. Types of Roads (a) All weather roads - which are used all year round i.e. tarmac and murrum roads. (b) Dry weather roads - which are used reliably during dry seasons. (c) Motorable trucks - which are used by people on foot and by vehicles on dry season. A truck is a path or rough road made by people, vehicles or animals. Principal Trans-Continental Highways in Africa • Great North Road connecting Cape Town and Cairo through Tanzania, Kenya, Sudan and Ethiopia. • Trans-Africa Highway from the Port of Mombasa to Dakar in Senegal through east and Central Africa. • Dakar-Djamena Highway through Core De Ivoire , Nigeria and Chad. • Trans-Sahara Highway from Lagos to Tripoli through Algeria. Advantages of Road Transport (a) It’s a faster means of transport compared to human and animal transport. (b) It’s cheaper compared to railway transport because construction of roads is cheaper than that of railways. (c) It’s available at ones convenient time. (d) Roads can be constructed in stages improved and even repaired while they are being used. (e) It’s flexible in that road connections are available all over the country. Disadvantages (a) Traffic congestion and jams when there are many vehicles on roads which leads to delays and fuel wastage. (b) Its expensive over long distances and when transporting bulky goods. (c) Vehicles can carry a limited number of people and amount of goods at a time making them expensive and uneconomical. (d) It’s adversely affected by weather e.g. during heavy rains, roads become impassable and foggy conditions hinder visibility making it easier for accidents to occur. (e) Vehicles pollute the environment by their exhaust fumes and noise which they produce. 4. Railway Transport - Means of transporting people and goods using trains or rails. Advantages of Railway Transport 1. Less expensive compared to road transport because it can carry a large number of people and heavy and bulky goods in one trip. 2. There is no congestion or jam because there is only one train on a given truck at any particular time. 3. Passenger trains are comfortable for passengers travelling over long distances in that they have facilities such as accommodation, dining and toilets accommodation. 4. Safer than motor vehicles because they are less prone to accidents. 5. Have less maintenance costs because they don’t require frequent repairs like roads. Disadvantages (a) Very slow means of movement especially of perishable and urgently required goods. (b) Expensive to construct as much iron and steel is used to construct railway lines and trains. (c) Inflexible in that railway lines aren’t available all over the country and their direction cannot be changed. (d) Are affected adversely by terrain as where there are steep gradients, tunnels and winding tracks have to be used which adds to the cost of setting up railway system. (e) Specific gauge of railway line can only be used by a specific design of train unlike roads which can be used by many varieties of vehicles. (f) Trains can’t use rails while they are being constructed unlike roads which can be used while they are being constructed, improved or even repaired. Examples of Railway Links in Africa • Tazara railway- connects Zambia Copper Belt with the sea port of Dar-es-salaam. • Benguela Railway- runs from Zambia Copper Belt to Angola. • Kenya Uganda Railway- runs from Mombasa to Kisumu. It has an extension from Nakuru through Eldoret to Malaba then through Tororo to Kampala. • Kenya’s other railway branches are Voi to Taveta, Konza to Magadi, Nairobi to Nanyuki, Gilgil to Nyahururu, Nakuru to Eldoret and Kisumu to Butere. Why There Are Few Railway Links among African Countries • Administration by different colonial governments who constructed railway links only within areas of their jurisdiction. • Political differences which led to mistrust and hostility which works against effort to construct railway jointly. • Countries have railways of different gauges making connection to be difficult. • Little interstate trade which doesn’t warrant construction of railways to transport bulky goods. • Countries lack sufficient capital to establish railways. • Mountainous landscape and swampy terrain which hinder the development of rails to link the countries. Problems Which Kenya Experiences In the Rail Transport • Competition from other modes of transport which are cheaper and flexible. • Frequent accidents from derailments due to inadequate servicing which has led to high maintenance costs and losses when goods are looted. • High maintenance and expansion costs causing little expansion of rail lines. • Mismanagement of rail services leading to deterioration at lower income. • Vandalism during political unrests and by people dealing in scrap metal. 5. Pipelines - Means of movement of fluid or gas products such as water, gas and oil through pipes from one place to another. Pumping stations are constructed along the pipelines to keep the product flowing steadily. In Kenya the main oil pipeline extends from Mombasa through Nairobi to Kisumu and Eldoret where there are main oil depots. The pipeline is managed by Kenya Pipeline Corporation. Advantages of Pipelines (a) No delay as there is a constant supply of commodity. (b) Convenient in that amounts of commodity can be transported within a short period. (c) There are low operating costs in that minimal labour is required in operating pipelines and also the cost of maintenance of pipelines is lower than for other means. (d) They aren’t affected by bad weather like other means of transport. (e) It doesn’t pollute the environment like other means of transport except in cases of leakages which are rare. Disadvantages (a) Selective in that they can be used to transport fluids and gasses and can transport only one type of commodity at a time. (b) Insecure in that they may be sabotaged if they run across a number of countries when there are political differences or when one country decide to withhold the product. (c) Pipelines may cause pollution if they burst spilling oil, gas or sewage and the problem would be grave if it occurred under water. (d) Inflexible in that they remain permanently in one position and rerouting becomes impossible and further distribution of the substance from depots has to be done by roads and railways. 6. Water Transport It involves movement of goods and people over waterways/ water bodies. Water transport is classified into two: Sea Waterways/ marine water transport and inland water ways. Sea Waterways/ Marine Water Transport - Involves movement of goods and people over seas. There are the following types of vessels used in sea transport: 1. Liners They are ship with the following characteristics: • Operate along fixed routes and time schedules. • They transport both people and goods. • Fixed rate of freight charges. There are two types of liners: Passenger Liners • Carry people and small valuable items. • Have luxurious facilities e.g. cinemas, shops, banks, hotels, etc. Cargo Liners • For carrying both goods and people. • Have loading and unloading facilities. • Slower in speed • Less prestigious • Smaller in size compared to passenger liners. • Some carry different products while other carry specialised goods e.g. petroleum. 2. Tramps - They are ships meant for transporting cargo. • No fixed routes or schedules. • Are slower in speed • Have lower freight charges compared to liners Improvements in Ocean Transport 1. Refrigeration facilities to enable transportation of perishable goods. 2. Containerisation (parking of goods in standard sealed metal containers which are unsealed at the destination). Advantages of Containerisation (a) Safety and security because containers are sealed which protects goods from destruction by bad weather and from being stolen. (b) Easy to handle because containers are fitted with special devices like hooks and rings which makes loading and unloading easy. (c) Time saving because goods are put in one container than being carried in several boxes which makes loading and unloading easy. (d) It’s economical in terms of space because containers have a standard shape which reduces wastage of space by allowing tight packaging of goods. Ocean/ sea Routes/ Ocean Trade routes Are well marked routes through which Ocean traffic passes. They are also called ocean trading routes because they have come about as a result of trading activities among various regions. Major ocean routes are concentrated in the northern hemisphere due to the following: • High degree of industrialisation • Intensive trading activities • High population • Availability of ocean terminals in developed countries of Europe, N. America and parts of Asia. World major Sea Routes 1. Panama Canal Sea Route- connects Pacific and Atlantic oceans. 2. Cape of Good Hope Sea Route- serves eastern and western coasts of Asia, New Zealand and Australia. 3. North Pacific Sea Route- serves industrialised countries of Asia e.g. Japan, Singapore, Hong Kong, S. Korea and W.N. America. 4. N. Atlantic Sea Route- connects W. Europe to E.N. America. 5. Mediterranean Asiatic Sea Route- connects Europe to Africa and the Far East countries. 6. Trans-Atlantic sea Route- connects Europe to E.S. America. Inland Water Ways - Movement of goods and people over rivers, lakes and canals. Examples of Navigable Rivers of Africa • Section of R. Congo • R. Nile from Uganda to Khartoum • R. Ogowe in Gabon. • Sections of R. Niger • Tana • Zambezi Examples of Navigable Rivers in Other Parts of the World • R. Rhine and its tributaries main, Meuse and Ruhr. • Mississippi and its tributaries Ohio, Missouri, Arkansas and Tennessee. • Mackenzie, Yukon, Nelson and Albany in N. America. • Most important water way in N. America is the St. Lawrence Sea Way . Examples of Lakes which are inland water ways are such as Victoria (largest inland waterway in E. Africa, Tanganyika, Malawi, Albert and also man-made lakes such as Kariba, Nasser, Volta and Kainji. Factors Which Have Hindered Development of River Transport in Africa 1. Inadequate capital to develop waterways, ports and for the purchase of vessels. 2. Fluctuation of water levels which makes sailing difficult as a result of rivers passing through dry areas. 3. Presence of rapids and waterfalls which hinders the vessels’ movement. 4. Siltation of rivers which makes their channels shallow hence hindering movement of vessels. 5. Presence of floating vegetation which makes it difficult for vessels to sail due to narrowing of the river channel. 6. Most rivers pass through unproductive zones hence it’s uneconomical to develop river transport. 7. Rivers flow across political boundaries which may require negotiation in order for the countries involved to use them for transport. 8. Inadequate technology. Canal Transport A canal is a water channel that is cut through land for boats or ships to travel along. Some canals join large water bodies like seas and oceans. Examples of Canals • Suez Canal which joins Mediterranean and Red Sea. • Panama Canal which connects Caribbean Sea with Pacific Ocean. • Dortmund-Ems Canal which joins R. Rhine to the N. Sea. • Soo canals which connects connecting L. Superior to L. Huron. The Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence Sea Way • It’s the most important sea way in N. America shared by U.S.A. and Canada. • It’s located along the boundary between the two countries. • It stretches over 3680km from Atlantic Ocean to the interior of N. America up to L. Superior. • It comprises of St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario. Shortcomings of the seaway before development (a) It had obstacles of rock outcrops, rapids, waterfalls and small islands. (b) Shallow sections due to silting (c) Narrow sections (bottle necks). (d) Freezing of water in winter. (e) Presence of fog and mist at the mouth of St. Lawrence River. • St. Lawrence Sea Way Project was started by U.S.A. and Canadian governments in 1954 to construct and improve navigability of St. Lawrence River. Objectives of the Project (a) Promote trade and industrialisation between the two countries. (b) Remove silt between L. Erie and Huron. (c) Regulate the flow of St. Lawrence River through dam construction. (d) Smoothen river channel by removing rapids, small islands, rock outcrops etc. (e) Regulate different water levels along the sea way through dredging to widen and deepen shallow sections within the lakes and the river. What the Seaway Project Was Involved In (a) Dredging of the shallow sections to deepen to accommodate large shipping vessels. (b) Formation of water reservoirs behind dams to drown rapids allowing ocean vessels to move along the routes. (c) Installation of radar and light on ships to improve the navigation of ships in order to avoid accidents. (d) Blasting to remove the rocky islands and narrow sections along the sea route. (e) Construction of canals to join the lakes and bypass obstacles e.g. Benefits/Role of St. Lawrence Seaway to the Economies of U.S.A. and Canada (a) Source of foreign exchange for the two countries because many tourists are attracted hereby the scenery e.g. Niagara Falls. (b) Dams along the seaway are used to produce H.E.P. which stimulated growth of industries. (c) Fishing is undertaken in dams and lakes along the water way. (d) Development of agricultural activities along the seaway e.g. villages which practice horticultural farming. (e) It’s a source of employment e.g. tour guides, security, transport, etc. (f) Source of revenue to U.S.A. and Canada from toll charges paid by ships which go there. (g) Lakes and the seaway are sources of fresh water for domestic and industrial purposes. (h) Increased trade between the two countries and other countries of the world. (i) Reduction of transport costs to and from the interior of the continent. Advantages of Water Transport (a) Offers less friction to the movement of vessels as it’s the case with roads. (b) Are natural and free transport routes requiring less artificial infrastructures (c) Less expensive because large loads can be carried at minimal costs and water routes require minimal maintenance. (d) It’s a reliable mode of transport since there is very little traffic congestion on waterways because the waterway is large. (e) Goods are protected because they are transported in containers or tankers. (f) It’s a safe mode of transport for delicate goods. Disadvantages (a) Many water ways are affected by water fluctuation like low volumes and high volumes which make them to flow swiftly which make them unnavigable. (b) Water transport is the slowest and unsuitable for perishables, casualties and medicines. (c) Great loses are incurred during accidents such as fire outbreaks, typhoons, tsunamis and mechanical breakdown due to the large carrying capacity of the vessel. (d) High capital is required in the purchasing of modern shipping vessels and maintenance of parts. (e) Ocean transport is available only to people who live near water ways unlike roads which are flexible. (f) Insecurity in the oceans where pirates steal from and attack sailing ships. (g) Sea vessels greatly contribute to water pollution as most of the wastes are thrown into the sea. Types of Communication 1. Verbal communication - communication by word of mouth e.g. telephone, face to face and radio. 2. Written communication - communication by writing e.g. letters. Magazines, newspapers and journals. 3. Audio-visual communication - communication by using a combination of sounds, signs and pictures e.g. gestures, beating drums, smoke, shouting in a special way, television, etc. Telecommunication Services - Communication over a distance using cables or wireless communication e.g. 1. Telephone - converts sound into electronic signals and back to sound waves at the receiving end. 2. Facsimile (fax) - send information through telephone lines by converting written information into electronic signals and back to written at the receiving end. 3. Internet - global network of computers linked via telephone and enables individuals to send e-mail. It is the fastest, cheapest and connected all over the world. Role of Transport and Communication in the Economic Development of Africa 1. development of trade because buyers are able to move to markets, traders are able to move to market centres where products are in high demand and order goods for sale without necessarily going to the suppliers which reduces transport costs and hence increases profits. 2. Development of infrastructure by making tourist attractions accessible. 3. Promotion of industrial development/establishment of more industries since areas with good transport and communication networks are likely to attract investors to set up industries and finished goods are able to reach consumers easily. Communication enables industrialists to know where raw materials are available without having to move a lot. 4. Promotes international understanding because it enables citizens of different countries to be in close contact enabling them to learn about and appreciate each others culture resulting in good relationship. 5. Many people are employed in the transport and communication sectors e.g. drivers, mechanics, engineers, journalists, broadcasters, computer programmers etc. 6. Settlements develop where transport routes converge e.g. Khartoum at the confluence of blue and white Nile and Mombasa. 7. Transport opens up remote areas for exploitation of natural resources such as minerals, fish, tourists’ attractions because labour can be easily ferried to such areas and resources can be taken easily to processing sites. 8. transport and communication are sources of revenue to the government e.g. tax levied on air time, license fees charged when one wants to start T.V. or radio station, etc. Problems Facing transport and Communication in Africa and their Possible Solutions 1. Some countries are landlocked i.e. located far inland away from oceans e.g. Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, etc. the solution is to develop good relations among the nations in the continent so that countries which have access to the sea permit their landlocked neighbours to have direct access to the sea routes. 2. Regions having rugged relief due to presence of features like mountains e.g. mountains Kenya and Kilimanjaro which makes construction of roads and railways difficult and expensive. Presence of rapids and waterfalls which causes swift movement of water makes development of river transport difficult. The solution is constructing passes and tunnels through ridges and slopes and building of bridges across rivers and valleys to allow construction of roads and railways. 3. Shortage of navigable rivers because rivers have navigable stretches, presence of obstacles and fluctuations of water volumes, narrowness and shallowness all of which makes navigation difficult. Solution is widening and deepening of river channels through dredging and construction of dams across rivers to improve navigation. 4. Vandalism of communication facilities such as telephones and their cables which hinders communication. The solution would be prosecution of people caught in possession of communication materials. 5. Lack of adequate capital for establishment and maintenance of transport and communication infrastructure e.g. vehicles, locomotives, aircraft, satellites, computers, etc. The solution is joint partnership between African countries with donors in order to finance establishment of communication infrastructure and also. 6. Political instability in countries such as Somalia which have affected transport and communication. The solution would be to set peace mission in the affected countries in order to restore stability. 7. Communication experiences language barriers due to many ethnic groups with majority who only communicates through vernacular making international communication difficult. Solution is adoption of major international languages like French and English to help Africa engage in international communication. 8. High cost of travelling due to high cost of fuel causing the low and middle class persons to travel less which reduces profits realised in the transport sector. The solution is management and conservation of energy to save on the available resources and alternative sources of energy. 9. Deep rooted colonial heritage where colonialists constructed railways of different gauges which makes extension of railways into neighbouring countries difficult. Efforts are being made by several African countries to change the pattern of roads and railways and joint construction of roads and railways. Trade - Buying and selling or exchange of goods and services. Types of Trade A. Domestic/Internal/Home/Local trade -Buying and selling of goods within a country’s borders. It’s classified into: 1. Wholesale Trade-purchasing of goods in bulk from producers and selling them to retailers. 2. Retail Trade-buying goods from wholesalers and selling them to individual consumers. B. Regional Trade - Trade between countries found in the same geographical region. C. International Trade - Exchange of goods and services at the global level. It’s classified into: 1. Export Trade - selling of goods and services to foreign countries. Examples of major exports from Kenya are coffee, tea, cut flowers, tourism, fluorspar, miraa, vegetables, etc. 2. Import Trade - buying of goods and services from other countries. Examples of imports to Kenya are crude oil, vehicles, electronics, sugar, skilled labour, fertilisers, rice, vehicle parts etc. 3. Bilateral Trade - exchange of goods and services between two countries. 4. Multilateral Trade - exchange of goods and services between many countries. 5. Visible Trade - trading in tangible goods. 6. Invisible trade - trading in services. Balance of Trade - Difference in value of countries visible exports and imports. It’s of 2 types: 1. Adverse Balance of Payments-in which value of visible imports exceeds that of visible exports. 2. Favourable Balance of Trade-in which value of visible exports exceeds that of visible imports. Balance of Payment - Difference in value between visible and invisible exports and imports. Factors Influencing Trade 1. Difference in natural resources which makes it necessary to trade with other countries or areas in order to obtain goods and resources which are not found in their area. 2. population whereby large population or one with high purchasing power provides a large and ready market for goods and services encouraging trade. 3. Trade occurs when there is demand and supply of goods and services. i. If the supply is low and the demand is high, prices go up stimulating trade. ii. When the supply is more and the demand is low, prices go down discouraging trade. 4. Adequate and efficient means of transport and communication encourage trade because bulky goods can be transported quickly and overlong distances from producers to consumers. Poor transport discourages trade due to the difficulty in getting goods to the market in time. Goods can be supplied faster when traders communicate with suppliers without having to travel a lot which reduces travelling cost and hence increasing profits. 5. Trade restrictions can encourage or discourage trade. They are of two types: • Tariffs- taxes or duties levied by a country on a particular type of commodity imported in order to protect its domestic industries. • Quotas-specified quantities of goods which must not be exceeded during importation or exportation. • Trade Agreements-agreements made between countries regarding which commodities are exported or imported from specific countries. • Total Ban-complete restriction of importation of a particular commodity in order for a country to protect its domestic industries or due to political hostility. 6. Trading Blocks or economic Unions/Associations among countries aimed at promoting regional trade among members states can encourage trade between members and discourage trade with non members. • Free Trade Associations-liberalise trade among member countries by lowering and abolishing tariffs. • Common Market Associations-liberalise trade among members and raise tariffs for non members. 7. Trade can only take place between countries only when they are in good terms. Hostility leads to total ban as was the case with s. Africa during apartheid and Iraq when it attacked Kuwait and failed to destroy weapons of mass destruction. 8. Existence of aids to trade e.g. • Banking facilitates storage and transfer of money used in trade transactions • Insurance protects businesses against theft and destruction from fire which instils confidence among investors. • Warehouses are essential for storage of large quantities of goods for sale. Significance of Trade to Kenya 1. Many Kenyans are employed in domestic trade such as in wholesale and retail shops and in sectors dealing with foreign trade such as customs and clearing and forwarding firms. 2. It’s a source of revenue for the government by charging sales tax such as V.A.T. on manufactured goods sold locally and tariffs at the point of entry into the country. 3. Foreign trade enables a country to earn foreign exchange which is used to import goods that a country needs, setting up of industries, developing transport and communication, providing social services etc. 4. Leads to development of settlements e.g. many towns started as a small market and more people moved there when trading activities increased. 5. International trade ensures availability of a wide range of goods for consumers to select from in order to satisfy their needs. 6. It leads to development and improvement of transport infrastructure such as roads and railways in order to enhance transportation of goods and people. 7. Leads to development of industries because as the goods are bought demand for goods increases hence more industries are set or existing ones increase their activities in order to satisfy the increased demand. Problems Facing Trade in Kenya 1. Kenya largely depends on agricultural exports which are sometimes affected by climatic variations and diseases and pests leading to low production, and hence low foreign currency. 2. Kenya’s exports are of low value as they consist of raw materials or semi processed commodities which fetch low prices because they have to be processed further and also due to being bulky a lot of money is required for their exportation making returns accruing from exportation to be low. 3. Local manufactures suffer unfair competition from foreign firms e.g. from COMESA some of which don’t attract tariffs, diversion of goods intended for neighbouring countries to the local market and counterfeit goods which compete with genuine ones. 4. There is ignorance about Kenyan goods where by some Kenyans believe that goods from overseas are of superior quality so they prefer imported goods instead of local ones. 5. Unexpected trade restrictions are sometimes imposed on Kenyan exports e.g. in 2000 E.U. banned fish importation from Kenya. 6. Inadequate transport and communication as most roads are poor and impassable during rainy season meaning goods can’t reach the market and hence increased costs for such goods. The Future of International Trade in Kenya The future of it is bright because of the following: 1. Kenya has signed trade agreements with various countries of Europe, asia, America and Africa. 2. It’s a member of COMESA which has increased the volume of regional trade. 3. There is revival of E.A.C. which has also increased the volume of regional trade. 4. Peace agreement between Sudanese government and S.P.L.A. has also led to increase in regional trade. 5. Kenya is exploring markets in the Far East countries. 6. Kenya has trade attaches abroad who help promote Kenyan goods there. 7. She has trade organisations such as Kenya External Trade Authority (K.E.T.A.) which carries research on factors which have limited access to top markets in U.S.A. and japan and Kenya Bureau of standards which ensures quality of goods is maintained by the manufacturers. The Role of Regional Trading Blocks The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) • It was established in 1994 to replace Preferential Trade Area (P.T.A.). • It has 22 member states e.g. Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Namibia, etc. Objectives of COMESA (a) To reduce and eliminate trade barriers on selected commodities to be traded with member states. (b) Abolish restrictions in administration of trade among member countries. (c) Fostering relations, peace and political stability for member states. (d) Raise the standard of living within member states. (e) Promote goods being produced in the member states. (f) Establish and foster co-operation in all fields of economic activity. Achievements (a) Increased volume of trade. (b) Increased accessibility to markets in member countries. (c) Free movement of goods among member countries due to elimination of trade barriers. (d) Increased efficiency in production as each member is allowed to specialise in what she produces. (e) Improvement of transport and communication facilities. (f) Increased political and economic cooperation among member states. The Southern African Development Community (SADC) • It started as Southern African Development coordination in 1980 in Lusaka Zambia and transformed into SADC after collapse of apartheid. • It has 14 member states e.g. Tanzania, DRC, S. Africa, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, etc. Objectives (a) Encourage self reliance among member states in the face of instability posed by apartheid regime of S. Africa. (b) Promote and defend peace and security. (c) Promote regional integration. (d) Eradicate poverty. (e) Facilitate trade and economic liberalisation. (f) Promote self sustaining development on the basis of interdependence on member states. (g) Promote and maximise utilisation of natural resources and effective protection of environment. Achievements (a) Promotion of regional industries based on domestic and regional raw materials. (b) Reliability and development of regional transport and communication infrastructure. The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) • Was established in 1976 by the treaty of Lagos. • It has headquarters in Lagos Nigeria. • It has 15 member states e.g. Nigeria, Liberia, Ghana, Benin, Guinea, Sierra Leone, etc. Objectives (a) Promote mutual trade by eliminating trade restrictions among members. (b) Create a monetary union. (c) Impose uniform tariffs for imports from non-member countries. (d) Give special treatment to goods imported from member states. (e) Promote free movement of people to and from member countries by eliminating visas. Achievements (a) Brought peace to troubled countries like Liberia and Sierra Leone. (b) Promotion of trade in the region through the peace achieved. (c) Development of schools to train people on peace keeping e.g. The National War College. (d) Free movement of goods among member states. The European Union (EU) • An organisation of European countries dedicated to increasing economic integration and cooperation among members. • It was formerly inaugurated in 1993 and has headquarters in Brussels in Belgium. Objectives (a) Promote cooperation in economic, trade, social, security and judicial matters. (b) Implementation of economic and monetary union. Achievements (a) Signing of many trade agreements between EC and other countries. (b) Free trade among members as a result of abolishing trade barriers. (c) High agricultural production as farmers receive guaranteed prices which have enabled them to increase efficiency. (d) Free movement of factors of production which include capital and labour. Problems Facing Regional Trading Blocks (a) Civil wars taking place in some countries which has caused insecurity in turn affecting trade between countries. (b) Political differences among leaders of member states may affect cooperation among member states. (c) Some countries produce similar goods making the volume of trade to be low and less rewarding. (d) Free trade affects local industries as the imported goods without taxes are usually cheaper than locally produced goods. (e) Free trade denies countries revenue they would have earned from taxing imported goods. (f) Poor transport and communication limits inflow of goods and services. (g) Some member states don’t remit their annual subscriptions which affects the operations of the organisations. Population • Population-total number of people occupying a given area. • Population distribution-the way people are spread out on the land. • Population density-number of persons per unit area= number of people in a given area/total area of the place=XP/km2. • Demography-study of statistical data on human populations. Sources of Population Data • Primary sources- registration of births and deaths and censuses. • Secondary sources-census reports, textbooks, periodicals, etc. Population Distribution in E. Africa • In 2005 was estimated to be 90m people spread out thus: 1. Kenya-33m 2. Tanzania-36m 3. Uganda-21m • It’s spread out over an area of 1,768,267km2 resulting to a population density of 51 persons per km2. • The population is unevenly distributed whereby some places are densely populated e.g. large towns of Nairobi, Dar-es-Salaam and Kampala while others are sparsely populated e.g. N. and E Kenya, N.E. Uganda etc. Factors Influencing Population Distribution in East Africa Distribution of population on the earth’s surface isn’t uniform due to the following factors: Climate • Areas with moderate temperatures and high rainfall have high population per unit area than those with extremely high or low temperatures and low unreliable rainfall because moderate temperatures give comfort to people and abundant rainfall favours growth of crops. Relief • High altitude areas have low population because of extremely low temperatures which doesn’t support growth of crops to ensure food sufficiency. • Plains and gently sloping areas have higher population than steep areas due to fertile soils, ease to erect buildings and construction of transport infrastructure. Vegetation • Dense forests are sparsely populated because they are habitat to wild animals and it’s difficult to develop transport and communication infrastructure and some are tsetse fly infested e.g. Miombo Woodland in Tanzania. • Grasslands have high population if rainfall is favourable because they are easy to clear and relatively level or gently sloping. Soils • Areas with fertile soils and reliable rainfall have high population because they are agriculturally productive while those with poor soils e.g. savannah with leached soils have low population since they are agriculturally unproductive. Drainage • Well drained areas have high population than swampy areas because they support settlement and farming. • Areas which are swampy have less population because it’s difficult to construct buildings, carry out agriculture and also mosquito infested. Pests and Diseases • Areas infested with mosquito and tsetse flies have low population because those pests transmit malaria and sleeping sickness and Nagana to livestock. • Disease epidemics cause low population in areas affected as was the case in S.W. Uganda as a result of HIV and Aids which left the area almost deserted. Historical Factors • Slave trade left some parts of W. Africa with low population as people were captured and sold as slaves in America, W. Indies and Arab world. While others run away to avoid being captured. • Colonisation caused people to be driven from their homes in to reserves to create room for white farmers e.g. in parts of Kenyan Highlands which caused low population in indigenous people’s farms while the population in reserves kept on increasing. Tribal Conflicts • Areas with tribal conflicts are sparsely populated because people move away from there to seek safety e.g. Molo. Economic Factors • Towns and areas with mining activities have high population as people go to seek for jobs e.g. Nairobi, L. Magadi due to trona mining. Political Factors • Political unrest may cause people to move from their home area leaving it sparsely populated e.g. Uganda during the reign of Iddi Amin and S. Sudan. Government Policy • Government programmes such as construction of dams and mining may require removal of people from certain areas causing them to be sparsely populated while the population in areas of destination increases. Factors Influencing Population Growth • Population growth is the change that occurs in the number of people in a population over a given period of time. • Population may grow positively by number of people increasing in a population or negatively by having a decrease in the number of people. • The main factors influencing population growth are fertility, mortality and migration. Fertility • Fertility-number of live births a woman has during her reproductive period. • Fecundity-ability of a woman to conceive and give birth to a child regardless whether alive or still born. • Infecundity/Sterility-inability of a woman to conceive and give birth to a child regardless whether alive or still born. • Primary Infertility-involuntary childlessness. • Involuntary Secondary Infertility-involuntary childlessness caused by a second factor e.g. when a woman has had a child/children and is unable to have more due to health factors. • Voluntary Secondary Infertility-voluntary childlessness where a woman who has had a child/children decides not to have any more e.g. by using contraception methods. • Fertility Rate- average number of children that a woman of child bearing age (15-49 years) will have in her lifetime. • High fertility rate leads to high population growth while low fertility rates lead to slow or negative population growth. • Population Growth-increase or decrease in the number of people. 1. Natural Population Growth Natural increase or decrease in population. It’s calculated using Crude Birth Rate/estimated rate of births in a population (CBR) and Crude Death Rate/estimated rate of deaths in a population (CDR). CBR=total number of births in a year ×1000/total population estimated at mid year=X births/1000population. CDR=total number of deaths in a year×1000/total population estimated at mid-year=X deaths/1000population. N.P.G=CBR-CDR×100/1000=X%. For instance, in 1999 the CBR in Kenya was 41.3 while CDR was 11.7. Therefore the population growth was (41.3-11.7) ×100/1000=29.6%. 2. Numerical population Growth Actual or absolute increase in the number of people in an area within a given period of time. =inter-censal increase×100/total population in the former census For instance pop in 1989 was 2000 and in 1999 was 2500. Inter-censal increase was 500 =500×100/2000=25%. Causes of High Fertility Rate in Kenya Cultural Beliefs 1. Early marriage of women which lengthens their fertile duration. 2. Belief in large families as a source of prestige e.g. children are a source of labour and girls are a source of dowry. 3. Polygamy which causes competition between wives leading to large number of births per woman. 4. Sex preference when there is a high regard for a birth of a son/heir to ensure continuity of the family status which causes couples who are bearing girls to continue bearing girls until they get a boy. 5. Naming of relatives whereby couples will continue to get children until they finish naming relatives of both sides e.g. fathers, mothers, uncles, aunts, etc. Other Factors 1. modernisation which leads to decline in social values leading to free interaction of young girls and men causing girls to become mothers at tender age. 2. Availability of enough and better food ensuring people are healthy and live longer and are able to bear more children as they are able to feed them. 3. Availability of health services for both mother and child which provide prenatal and post natal care. Factors Which Have Caused Low Fertility Rates in Kenya/Slow population Growth 1. Economic considerations where modern families prefer fewer children because it has become expensive to bring up a child. 2. Increased use of birth control measures. 3. More girls are attending school so they don’t get married early. 4. Education making women to opt to remain single as they get employed and no longer look to marriage as a source of financial security. 5. Modern career opportunities which have a limiting influence on the women’s fertility rate as most employees don’t want women who keep on going on maternity leave. Mortality Mortality refers to deaths among members of a population.• It reduces the population in a given area • It also affects its structure or composition of the population in terms of age and sex whereby if there is consistent death of a particular age or sex there will be marked change in the population because the other ages or sex will be more than the affected ones. Causes of Mortality/ More Factors Which Cause Slow Population Growth 1. Low nutritional standards which cause deficiency diseases reducing body’s ability to fight diseases which may kill many children below 5 years. 2. Low hygiene standards which may cause diarrhoeal diseases such as cholera which kill young and old members of the population. 3. Prevalence of natural calamities e.g. droughts, floods and earthquakes which also leads to deaths of many. 4. Epidemics and disease outbreaks such as HIV/AIDS which has eliminated large numbers of people in communities where wife inheritance is practised and as was the case in S.W. Uganda. 5. Human made calamities such as outbreaks of war and high crime rates which reduce population. 6. Emigration i.e. movement of people from their country especially the youth to settle else where which reduces population at the area of origin. Causes of Decline in Death Rates in Countries 1. Immunisation of infants which has reduced infant mortality rate. 2. High nutritional standards which have reduced incidents of deficiency diseases which kill children aged between 1-5 years. 3. Improved hygienic standards which have reduced incidents of diarrhoeal diseases which used to kill many people. 4. Advanced medical facilities which have ensured availability of drugs for some diseases which had no drugs which enables people to live longer. Migration - Movement of people from one place of residence to another. It causes reduction of population in the place of origin and increase of population in the area of destination. Emigrants-people who move out of a place. Immigrants-people who move out of a place. Causes of Migration Push Factors Problems or circumstances which force out a person from his/her area of residence. 1. Pressure on land due to increase in population which cause people to move to other areas where land is available e.g. from C. Kenya to R. Valley. 2. Land becoming too poor to support crops which cause people to move to other areas where fertile land is available. 3. Unemployment and underemployment which cause people to move to other areas to seek jobs or better paying ones. 4. Insecurity such as tribal clashes and terror gangs which cause people to other safer places. 5. Persecution of specific religious groups due to their faith which causes them to move to areas where they can practise their faith freely e.g. Jews from Europe to Israel. 6. Political persecution e.g. many Ugandans moved to neighbouring countries during the reign of Iddi Amin. 7. Occurrence of natural calamities such as diseases, floods and severe droughts forcing people out of their place of residence e.g. in monsoon Asia. 8. Government policy where people are moved from one area to give room for development e.g. H.E.P. projects and mining such as of titanium at Kwale. Pull Factors -Positive conditions which attract a person to a new place. 1. Attraction of urban life where there is electricity, piped water, entertainment and social amenities. 2. Availability of employment such as in urban areas where there are many industries and businesses or in rural areas with estates and plantations. 3. Opportunities for better education e.g. in urban areas with many education institutions. 4. Security 5. Plenty of land 6. fertile land 7. Higher standard of living e.g. in urban areas Types of Migration 2 basic types namely: Internal migration - Migration within a country. Types of Internal Migration Rural to urban Migration - Movement of people from rural areas to urban areas. It involves: 1. Youth who have completed various levels of education moving to urban areas to seek employment in while collar jobs. 2. People moving to urban areas in search of alternative ways of earning a living due to shortage of land in rural areas, unemployment and low prices for agricultural produce. 3. Traders relocating to urban areas where there is a larger market as the people in rural areas have low purchasing power. 4. People moving to urban areas where there is adequate social amenities such as hospitals, entertainment, electricity and generally exciting life. 5. Youth seeking for further education who join universities and colleges many of which are located in urban areas. 6. Transfer of people employed in rural areas to urban areas. Rural to Rural Migration - Movement of people from one rural area to another. It involves: 1. People moving to plantations and other large farms seeking employment e.g. tea pickers in Kericho from Kisii rural parts. 2. Movement of nomadic pastoralists from one place to another in search of water and pasture. 3. People moving to other parts of the country to buy land and settle there. 4. Movement of people into settlement schemes e.g. Mwea, Nyandarua etc. to ease pressure on land. 5. Movement of public and private employees on transfer from one rural area to another. Urban to Rural Migration - Movement of people from urban areas to rural areas. It involves: 1. Transfer of people employed in urban areas to rural areas. 2. Movement of people from urban areas to search for jobs in rural areas. 3. People moving from urban areas to rural areas to settle permanently after retirement. 4. People moving away from stressful urban life to suburbs to be commuting daily to work. Urban to Urban Migration - Movement of people from one urban area to another or from one part of urban area to another. It involves: 1. Employed persons who are transferred from one town to another. 2. people moving from one part of town to another due to: • transfer • in search of affordable housing • in search of better employment • in search of better business opportunity External Migration - Movement of people from one country to another. It involves: 1. People who seek employment abroad for a short period who end up settling permanently. 2. Refugees who are forced out of their country by factors such as war. 3. People seeking political asylum due to political persecution in their country. 4. Government employees such as ambassadors who are in assignment abroad. Effects of Migration At the Place of Origin Positive Effects 1. Improved agricultural production in rural areas when people move out creating more room for cultivation. 2. Increase in purchasing power in rural areas when migrants remit money back home. 3. Relief to a country which is faced with unemployment when people get employed outside the country. Negative Effects 1. Lowering agricultural production when able bodied people go to town leaving the women, elderly and children who are unable to manage farms effectively. 2. Underemployment in rural areas due to lowered agricultural productivity. 3. Break up of families and lowering of social morals since majority of migrants are men which causes imbalance of female-male ratio. 4. Lowering of population density in the area of origin. 5. Lowering or fertility due to long separation between a man and wife. 6. Lower rate of industrialisation due to transfer of skilled man power to other countries (brain drain). Place of Destination Positive Effects 1. There is a gain in population. 2. Development if the migrants are involved in gainful employment which results into increased production. 3. Contributes to national peace when people from different parts of the country settle together. Negative Effects 4. Social evils such as crime, prostitution and drug peddling when people fail to secure employment. 5. Shortage of housing and high house rents leading to growth and expansion of slums. 6. Shortage of social amenities such as schools, hospitals, water and transport. On the Individual Positive Effects 1. Improved living standard of the worker resulting from savings made from income gained after employment. 2. Acquisition of skills and change in attitude due to exposure which may cause some town dwellers to change their way of life and become more sophisticated. Negative Effects 1. Lower fertility rates when some people who have migrated to towns take long time before marrying as they try to achieve various goals in their lives. 2. Immorality may arise may arise when urban migrants lose touch with their cultural values. 3. Marriage breakages may occur when spouses are separated for long periods of time. Demographic/Population Trends - Various positive or negative changes (transition) which take place in the population of a given society, country or the world and their impact on social economic environment. - Demographic transition refers to the historical change in birth and death rates from high to low which causes population increase. Demographic Transition Theory - A theory compounded to explain this phenomenon. There are 4 demographic transition phases namely: Stage/phase 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Relatively low death rates and declining birth rate due family realisation of the need to have small families due to pressure exerted on economic resources and social facilities, level of education attainment leading to use of birth control measures. Moderate population growth rate. Stage 4 Population Structure - Composition of a given population in terms of age and sex. The information on population structure is obtained in a census and presented using an age sex pyramid. Characteristics of an Age Sex Pyramid Population Structure of a Developed Country Population Structure of a Developed Country Significance of Population Structure 1. For planning by enabling the government to know the percentage of available funds to allocate for various sectors e.g. if most of the people in the population are youth it will allocate more funds for education and health services and if most are elderly more funds will be allocated for health and social welfare. 2. For calculation of dependency ratio (proportion of population which isn’t involved in production activities to the one that is. DR=children <15+old people/working population (15-64) 3. For calculation of sex ratio (number of males per 100 females. Consequence of Population Structure 1. Strain on budget due to developing countries having a large population of young people whose health and education cost is high and developing countries having a large proportion of old people whose cost of health and social welfare is high. 2. Low quality of education and health care in developing countries due high population leading to the high cost of those services. 3. Better quality of health and education in developing countries due low population. 4. Strain on working population in developing countries since most of the money is consumed leaving less for investment. Large population of old people does the same in developing countries. 5. Boost in food production when there is a large proportion of males due to the availability of a large labour force. 6. Heavy taxation of the working population when the dependency of young and old is high in order to avail funds for provision of social amenities. 7. Large number of females than males leads to low birth rates and consequently slow growth of population. 8. Increase in promiscuity when there are a large number of females than males. Consequences of Population Growth Overpopulation (Positive Population Increase) Positive Effects 1. A large population provides cheap labour due to a large number of people competing for jobs. 2. Increased exploitation of natural resources and industrial development due to increased demand for goods and services causing those activities to be increased to meet the demand. 3. Technological innovation due to pressing needs associated with a high population (necessity is the mother of invention). Negative Effects 1. Pressure on land leading to land fragmentation. 2. Environmental degradation when people clear forests to make room for settlement and agriculture. 3. Low investment and slow growth of industry as the government spends a lot of money on education and medical facilities leaving less for investment. 4. Lowering GDP (aggregate value of goods and services that a country can produce) due to inability to save any money for investment. 5. High rate of unemployment due to employment sector growing at a slower rate than population growth. 6. Towns face problems of water shortage, pressure on social amenities and high cost of housing leading to development of informal settlements such as slums which expand covering agricultural land surrounding the towns. Under population (Negative/Slow Population Growth) - This is the case in developed countries. 1. High government spending on health and social welfare as the population consists of a high proportion of old people due top low birth rates and low death rates. 2. High cost of production since there is a small work force consisting of skilled people whose wages are high. 3. Underutilisation of resources such as agriculture and mineral resources since there is shortage of labour due to sparse population and most of it being concentrated in urban areas. 4. Inadequate market for goods and services due to a small population. 5. Underdevelopment and low living standards in rural areas since a large percentage of people live in urban areas. 6. Traffic congestion and atmospheric and noise pollution in urban areas due to continuous expansion of towns. 7. Reduced food production as towns expand and engulf surrounding agricultural land. Related Studies on Population in Kenya and Denmark Sweden Factors Which Have Contributed To Slow Population Growth in Sweden 1. Improvement of medical facilities. 2. People have become more affluent and urbanised causing a tendency to have fewer children so as to maintain a high standard of living. 3. Population has embraced birth control measures and as a result contraceptives are widely used. 4. Move towards small families in response to economic realities. 5. High rate of separation leading to low fertility rate and consequently low birth rates. 6. Population is highly literate and understands the need for controlling population growth. 7. Low death rates reducing the need to bear more children. Factors Influencing Population Distribution in Sweden 1. A large proportion of the country is mountainous whose cultivation isn’t easy due to steepness, stony soils and permafrost causing 60% of population to be found in the southern part (Skane) where there is fertile soils and warmth which favours cultivation. 2. Chilly climate with cold winters especially in the northern lands (Norrland) which are not inhabited at all once again causing population to be concentrated in the south. 3. Sweden is a forested country and areas under forests are more settles because they are more ideal for cultivation unlike plains which are permafrost. 4. Lakes and rivers cover almost ½ of the country and the area with water bodies aren’t settled which causes the population to be scattered. 5. Mining centres such as Grangesbery and Fennimore form islands of high population while the immediate neighbourhoods have high population. 6. The largest number of people lives in urban areas the major one being Stockholm and villages forming nucleated and clustered type of settlement. Comparison between Population Trends in Kenya and Sweden Similarities Both countries have uneven distribution of population dictated by factors such as relief, climate and presence of economic activities. Both countries have low mortality due to improved medical care. In both countries population density in urban areas is high. In both countries there is use of family planning methods in effort to control population growth. Both countries have parts which aren’t inhabited at all e.g. in the north of Sweden and Chalbi desert in Kenya. In both countries there is high population in areas with mining activities e.g. Grangesbery in Sweden and Magadi in Kenya. In both countries population distribution is influenced by drainage where areas with water bodies aren’t settled. Differences Urbanisation - Development of towns. - Process in which a population is transformed from a rural based agricultural lifestyle to an urban based non-agricultural lifestyle Distribution of Major Urban Centres in E. Africa  1. Capital towns - towns which are the main seat of the government or administrative centres of each country. These are Nairobi, Dodoma and Kampala.2. Cities - largest towns in E. Africa with city council status i.e. Nairobi, Dar and Kampala. 3. Sea ports - are located in the Indian Ocean Coast and are Mombasa, Malindi, Dar, Tanga, Mtwara and Lindi. 4. Lake Ports - are located on lake shores e.g. Kisumu, Mwanza, Kigoma, Bukoba, Jinja, etc. 5. Mining towns - evolved due to mining activities e.g. Magadi, Kakamega, Shinyanga, Kilembe, etc. 6. Industrial towns - whose main functions are industrial activities e.g. Thika, Athi River, Jinja, Tanga, etc. 7. Collecting towns - whose functions are to collect agricultural produce for being located in rich agricultural areas e.g. Karatina, Nakuru, Eldoret, Mbalala and Kabale in Uganda and Mbeya and Songea in Tanzania. 8. Gap towns - (Makutano towns) located at points of convergence of transport routes e.g. Voi, Moshi and Tabora in Tanzania and Hoima in Uganda. 9. Administrative towns - whose main function is administration e.g. all provincial and district headquarters in Kenya, Dodoma and Morogoro in Tanzania and Gulu and Fort Portal in Uganda. Factors influencing the Growth of Major urban Centres in E. Africa 1. Rural to urban migration when young people complete formal schooling and migrate to major towns to look foe employment causing population to expand in those towns. 2. Natural growth of urban population through births because most of migrants are young couples who are at their height of their reproductive years. 3. advantages of well develop[ed transport and communication network since most of them are accessible by good roads, railway, air and some by waterways enabling goods to be imported easily and accelerates migration. 4. Industrialisation which attracts people because industries attracts people because they offer employment opportunities. 5. Some have emerged due to mining as it attracts workers who move and settle in the mining area. 6. Tourism whereby influx of tourists to a town can cause demand for high class hotels, curio shops, entertainment etc which make the town to grow e.g. Malindi and Mombasa. 7. Agriculture can make a town to grow by providing market for industrial products from urban centres and by providing raw materials foe industries established in urban areas. 8. administration when there is set district or provincial headquarters and government employees are posted there to provide services to the people and houses, shops and service industries such as banking are established there to serve people. Growth and Functions of Selected Towns in Kenya Thika (An Industrial Town) Factors Which Have Contributed To Its Development as an Industrial Town 1. It’s surrounded by districts which are agriculturally productive e.g. Kiambu, Thika, Maragua and Muranga. 2. It’s situated near rivers Chania and Thika which supply water for domestic and industrial use. 3. It’s located on Nairobi-Nanyuki railway and tarmac road which makes transport of raw materials to the town and that of finished products to the market easy. 4. It’s near Nairobi which is a source of raw materials making many investors to prefer to establish industries there. 5. High population from the surrounding districts which supply labour to the industries as well as market for some manufactured goods. 6. Availability of expansive flat land for industrial growth. 7. Congestion of Nairobi’s industrial area which made many investors to prefer Thika as it’s outside and at the same time near Nairobi. 8. Availability of power from 7 Forks Power Project on R. Tana which provides electricity for industrial and domestic use. Kisumu (A Lake Port) • It’s the largest port of E. Africa. • Located on the E. shores of L. Victoria on the Winam Gulf. • Third largest city after Nairobi and Mombasa. • Started as a small fishing settlement called Ugowe Bay. • Later, the settlement developed into a port called Port Florence after the completion of the railway from Kilindini to Mombasa. • Port Florence later came to be known as Kisumu Factors Which Contributed To Its Development into a Leading Lake Port 1. Settlement of Asians after the railway reached there who later built shops to cater for Africans needs (Bombay of Kenya). 2. Location on the shores of L. Victoria which ensures adequate supply of water for domestic and industrial use. 3. Availability of H.E.P. from Uganda which has enabled industries to grow and expand. 4. Being a lake port which handles regional trade across the lake. 5. Development of industries and trade which has attracted many job seekers thus increasing the population. 6. Surrounding areas are highly populated thus acting as a pool of labour for industries and market for products. 7. Fishing activities and processing of fish has contributed to its growth. 8. Being surrounded by areas which are agriculturally productive e.g. Western Kenya which provide a base for potential development in industries in sugar and cotton in Kisumu. Eldoret (An Agricultural Collecting Centre) • Located in the highlands on the western part of the R. Valley. • It started as a small post office from which the town grew. • It was started as an agricultural collecting and marketing centre for White farmers who were commercial wheat farmers and practised dairy farming. • It has acted as a collecting centre for agricultural produce from Uasin Gishu District. Factors Which Made It to Be a Leading Agricultural Collecting Centre 1. It’s easily accessible by the railway line from Mombasa to Kampala and the highway from Mombasa to Kampala. 2. Location at the heart of one of the richest agricultural hinterlands for which it has acted as a collecting, processing and marketing centre. 3. Availability of social amenities which has led to rapid increase from the surrounding areas. 4. Availability of H.E.P. which has led to establishment of industries such as plywood making, manufacture of soft drinks, textile, milk processing, etc. 5. High population in the surrounding regions which provides labour for industries and a ready market for manufactured products. 6. Plenty of land for expansion of the town and industries. 7. Establishment of service industries such as banking and insurance which has contributed significantly to its growth. Related Studies on Selected Cities in the World Nairobi and New York Nairobi • Came into existence when Uganda Railway reached it in 1899. • It started as a railway camp before embarking on the rugged highlands and the steep descent into the R. Valley. • It’s located on Athi-Kapiti Plains. • The plains were unoccupied due to the tribal clashes between Kikuyu and Maasai. • The camp was temporarily relocated to Kiambu due to mosquitoes and wild animals which posed a danger. • Settlers later moved back to the present city centre. • Nairobi became the provincial headquarters of Ukamba Province. • It was in 1907 elevated to the administrative capital of British East Africa Protectorate. New York • Located on the E. coast of U.S.A. at the mouth of R. Hudson. • A section of the city is situated on the mainland while part of it is made up of a group of islands-Long Island, Staten Island, Manhattan and Jersey. • Established after the Dutch bought the Manhattan Island from the Red Indians and renamed it New York. • Its growth is associated with the construction of New York State Barge Canal which links Hudson to L. Erie one of the great lakes of N. America which passes through regions which are highly industrialised and agriculturally productive. Functions of Nairobi and New York/Similarities 1. Both are industrial centres with Nairobi being the leading industrial town in E. Africa with industries such as brewing, steel rolling, motor vehicle assembly, etc. and New York has ship building, chemical industries, pharmaceutical industries and the largest industry being clothing followed by printing. 2. Both are international centres with Nairobi having KICC and high class hotels where international meetings are held and New York is the Headquarters of U.N. World Bank, I.M.F. and other international organisations. 3. Both are residential centres with Nairobi providing shelter to over 2m people in estates and slum areas and New York is also a residential centre for people of various races of European origin, West Indians, Jews, Chinese, Indians and Jews and the famous ghetto for blacks known as Harlem. 4. Both are educational centres with Nairobi having educational institutions such as Kenyatta and Nairobi Universities and Kenya Polytechnic and various other colleges and New York has several junior schools, high schools, colleges and universities for people of all races. 5. Both are transport and communication centres with Nairobi having JKIA and Wilson Airports and several highways leading to other major urban centres and Telcom Kenya and Mobile phone services which have headquarters there and New York is the largest sea port in the world, has J.F. Kennedy, New York and La Guardia airports and The New York State Barge Canal. 6. Both are religious centres with religious centres including cathedrals, temples, mosques and Jewish synagogues. 7. Both are financial and trade centres with C.B.K., commercial banks and N.S.E. and shops and New York is the world’s financial centre and the headquarters for I.M.F. and also has shops. 8. Both are recreational and cultural centres with Nairobi having Kasarani and Nyayo stadiums, Gong Race Course etc. and N. York has Night clubs, cinema halls, Central Park, Madison Square Garden and it’s also the fashion and art centre. Differences 1. New York developed as a sea port while Nairobi developed as a town following construction of Uganda Railway. 2. New York is a coastal city while Nairobi is an inland city. 3. New York comprises of mainland and several islands while Nairobi is in the mainland. 4. New York has an approximately 12 times larger population than Nairobi. 5. New York is located in a developed country while Nairobi is located in a developing country. 6. New York is an international city while Nairobi is a national city. 7. New York is a sea port while Nairobi has an inland dry port at Embakasi. 8. New York is the capital of the state of New York while Nairobi is a national capital. 9. New York experiences the problem of racism while Nairobi experiences the problem of tribalism. Mombasa and Rotterdam Mombasa • It’s located at the coast of east Africa in a Ria at the mouth of R. Mwachi. • Started as a resting and calling port during the era of slave trade. • It was once a Portuguese town who built Fort Jesus in 1593. • Originally the town was located on the island surrounded by the creeks namely Tudor and Port Reitz. • Later the town expanded farther north, south and west to the mainland. Factors Which Influenced Its Location 1. Was a strategic calling port for early traders to and from the Far East. 2. Provided a good defensive site against external aggression (Fort Jesus). 3. Has flat land which is ideal for construction of buildings (coastal plains). 4. Coral limestone rocks found in the sea were used as building stones for houses. 5. River Mwachi and Kimbeni provided early settlers with fresh water for domestic use later Mzima Springs in Tsavo W. N. Park became the main source of water. 6. The deep waters of Kilindini creek provide a good well sheltered natural harbour. 7. Has a large and rich agricultural hinterland i.e. the whole of Kenya, N. Tanzania, Uganda, S. Sudan, Rwanda and DRC. Rotterdam • Located in the province of s. Holland in Netherlands. • Located at the mouths of rivers Rhine and Meuse on the N. Sea. • Originated as a small port sandwiched between 2 other ports Antwerp in Belgium and Amsterdam. • Silting of the N. Sea led to the dwindling of the development of Rotterdam. • After the harbour was deepened it witnessed rapid growth at the 1st half of 19th Century. • The growth was halted by the devastations during the 2nd World War. • It has since grown into the leading world port in terms of tonnage. • It’s the enterport to Europe. Factors Which Have Led To Its Development as an Enterport 1. Deepening of the harbour creating a new port known as Europoort which is deep enough to handle large vessels. 2. Has an extensive hinterland for which it handles transit goods through the navigable R. Rhine comprising of Belgium, Netherlands, Germany, Austria, etc. 3. Located at a strategic central point in Europe where sea routes converge from America, Africa and other parts of Europe giving it an advantage over the other ports of Europe. 4. The port doesn’t freeze due to the warm Atlantic Drift Current which raises the temperature enabling it to operate throughout the year. 5. Provision of modern port facilities. 6. Its industrial function of its being the major industrial area in the Netherlands with industries such as engineering, food processing, oil refining etc. Functions of Mombasa and Rotterdam/Similarities 1. Both are sea ports with Mombasa being the gateway to E and C Africa and Rotterdam being the enterport to Europe. 2. Both are transport and communication centres with Mombasa being well served by transportation routes such as Nairobi-Mombasa Highway, has Moi International Airport etc and Rotterdam is linked to other urban centres by modern roads, railway lines and waterways. 3. Both are industrial centres with Mombasa having Changamwe oil refinery, Bamburi cement Factory, motor vehicle assembly, etc. and Rotterdam having being the major industrial centre in Netherlands having industries such as ship building, engineering, petrol chemical ,etc. 4. Both are commercial centres with both having shops and businesses selling goods to citizens. 5. Both are located at the mouths of rivers, Mombasa on the mouth of R. Mwachi and Rotterdam on the mouths of rivers Rhine and Meuse on the N. Sea. 6. Both are in the coastal region. 7. Both are open for use throughout the year due to favourable weather conditions. 8. Both are the second largest towns in their respective countries. Differences 1. Mombasa handles much less volume of trade. 2. Mombasa is frost free throughout the year while Rotterdam is sometimes affected by frost. 3. Netherlands has more sophisticated port facilities than those of Mombasa. 4. Mombasa is in a developing country while Rotterdam is in a developed country. 5. Mombasa depends on roads, railways, air and pipeline transport while Netherlands has canal transport in addition to those means of transport. 6. Mombasa mainly exports agricultural raw materials while Rotterdam exports manufactured goods. Effects of Urbanisation Positive effects 1. Urbanisation encourages national unity as people of different ethnic backgrounds come together and interact. 2. It creates employment opportunities through establishment of commercial and industrial activities through which peoples living standards are raised. 3. Leads to development of infrastructure within urban centres and the surrounding areas. 4. Provides a market for agricultural goods produced in the country. 5. Encourages development of industrial and agricultural sector by providing market for manufactured goods and produce. Negative Effects (Problems) 1. Environmental degradation e.g. air pollution when the industries and motor vehicles emit smoke and other gases to the atmosphere which accelerates global warming, pollution of rivers through discharge of harmful effluents from industries into them and people throwing all types of wastes there and noise pollution from industrial machines, aircrafts and motor vehicles which causes loss of sleep and permanent loss of hearing. 2. Unemployment because of the population growing at a higher rate than the employment sector. 3. Crime and other social evils like prostitution which people engage into to earn a living due to high levels of unemployment. 4. Strain on social amenities i.e. there is shortage of housing, health centres, sanitation, schools, transport etc due to increase in population. 5. Traffic congestion especially in developing countries due to poorly planned roads which are unable to accommodate the ever increasing motor vehicles which causes wastage of time and fuel. 6. Breakdown of family units as many men leave members of the extended family, their wives, children and get concubines leading to marriage breakages. 7. Causes mental disorder to people due to stress and depression resulting from the high cost of living causing some people to abuse drugs in the process of stress management causing them to end up getting mad. 8. Juvenile delinquency or tendency by the youth to break the law due to idleness resulting from lack of activities to keep them busy. 9. Urban sprawl or expansion of towns into the surrounding agricultural land which lowers agricultural production. Management and Conservation of the Environment Environmental conservation is protection and preservation of natural resources from destruction, wastage or loss while environmental management is effective planning and control of the processes and activities that could cause deterioration of environment. Need For Environmental Conservation and Management/Why its Essential 1. To sustain human life because it depends or resources from the environment e.g. soil, water, air, forests, wildlife, etc. 2. So as to protect endangered species of plants and animals from becoming extinct e.g. Meru oak, white rhino and Sokoke Scops owl. 3. So that the natural resources in the environment can continue sustaining the present and future generations. 4. Because a lot of natural resources in the environment are of economic value by being consumed directly or by giving us an income. 5. Because the features in the environment e.g. plants and animals are of aesthetic value i.e. they are beautiful to look at. 6. For posterity i.e. to ensure a better life for future generations. 7. To curb global warming by reducing the green house effect which is causing a lot of heat to be trapped in the earth’s atmosphere. Environmental Hazards - Dangers or disasters within the environment due to natural causes or human activities. 1) Floods - An overflow of a large amount of water over dry land. Causes a) Spilling of excess water of a river over its banks into the surrounding areas. b) Rising of the level of the sea or lake due to increased rainfall. c) Exceptionally heavy rainfall like El Nino resulting in excess water on land collecting in shallow basins and flat areas causing flooding. d) Breaking of a dam making the water in the reservoir to drown the land on the downstream side of the valley. e) When an earthquake occurs in the ocean causing huge sea waves called Tsunami which travels to the land flooding it. Control of Floods a) Construction of dams to reduce the speed and amount of water flowing down stream by excess water flowing into the reservoir. b) Construction of dykes or high walls some distance from the river bank, lake shoe or sea shore to protect low lying land from being flooded by water from the water body. c) Making piles of earth along the riverbanks to form a raised platform to keep flood waters within the river channel. d) Reforestation of land to reduce to increase infiltration by vegetation giving rain water ample time to percolate and thus reduce runoff meaning there will be less water in rivers and hence less incidents of flooding. e) Dredging of shallow river channels to increase their depth and hence the channels capacity. f) Straitening of rivers with meanders to enable the water to flow more swiftly. g) Diverting of some river tributaries to reduce the volume of water getting into the main river. 2) Lightning - Flash of brilliant light in the sky produced by natural electricity passing between clouds or from the clouds to ground. - Common where convectional rainfall occurs. - Associated with cumulonimbus clouds. - Common Kakamega, Kisii and Nyamira and around L. Victoria which experiences in the highest frequency. - It starts forest fires e.g. in U.S.A and damages houses and electrical installations leading to loss of life and property. Control a) Installing lightning arresters on buildings which are copper rod conductors which direct lightning electrical current into the ground. b) Educating the people on the dangers of lightning and precautions to take. c) Not taking shelters under trees or on verandas when it’s raining. d) Avoiding walking on open fields during thunderstorms. e) If possible people should remain indoors when it’s raining. 3) Windstorms - Very strong winds that develop as a result of great differences in atmospheric pressure on the ground e.g. hurricanes, tornadoes and typhoons. Kenya experiences thermals. Effects • In the deserts they transport sand which may burry houses and oasis. • Rip off roofs of buildings • Uproot trees and • Cause flooding and • Felling of crops e.g. cocoa pods. • Spreading bush fires Control Measures a) Predicting and monitoring windstorms using satellites to know their development and advancement speed. b) Warning people through electronic media of advancing windstorms so that they can move away. c) Taking shelter in bankers. d) Planting of trees in open ground to break the speed of wind thus reduce its destructive effects. 4) Earthquakes 5) Droughts - Condition whereby an area experiences a rainfall deficient season followe4d by a long dry period. Causes a) Insufficient rainfall b) Global warming leading to high rates of evaporation which exceed precipitation. c) Encroachment of desert like conditions due to destruction of vegetation by deforestation and overgrazing. Effects a) Crop failure leading to famines b) Deaths due to famines c) Shortage of water d) Closing of HEP stations e) Death of livestock and other herbivores due to shortage of water and pasture f) Migration of people to unaffected areas which may lead to conflict due to competition for resources (environmental refugees. g) Destruction of vegetation and animal life causes loss of biodiversity. h) Poverty as those who depend on agriculture lose their livelihoods. 6) Fires Causes a) Kerosene stoves b) Candles electric faults c) Explosion of oil pipelines d) Explosion of oil tankers when people drawing fuel set the on fire accidentally e.g. when attempting to smoke e.g. Sachangwan. e) Lightning 7) Volcanic Eruptions Effects a) Lava flows spread to nearby settlements burying and burning people. b) Set vegetation on fire. c) Heated water cause death of aquatic life. d) Emit poisonous gases which kill people when they inhale them. e) Damage and disrupt infrastructure. 8) Pests and Diseases Pests- animals, insects and birds which are harmful to other animals and plants. Effects • Locusts and army warms destroy vegetation resulting in shortage of pasture for herbivores. • Ticks, river flukes, tapeworms and fleas affect animals by transmitting their diseases and weakening them. • Jiggers cause woods in human feet through which infections may enter the body. • Parasitic plants feed on the host plant leading to its eventual death. • Cause problems in the provision of food and maintenance of human health. Most diseases which affect plants and animals are viral, bacterial or fungal. Control a) Use of chemicals e.g. fungicides, herbicides and pesticides. b) Developing plant species which are resistant to pests and diseases. c) Biological control e.g. control of tsetse flies by breeding sterile males which are released to mate with females which occurs once in a lifetime thus reducing their population. d) Educate people on the proper use of chemicals to prevent resistance and environmental degradation. 9) Pollution - Contamination of environment with harmful or poisonous substances. Types A. Water Pollution - Addition of harmful substances in water causing deterioration in the quality of water so that it no longer serves the purpose for which it is intended. a) Addition of materials like dust and salts to water through erosion and wind deposition. b) Disposal of wastes from houses e.g. sewage into rivers or lakes. c) Effluents from industries and factories. d) Oil spills from e.g. off shore oil drilling, tankers and burst oil pipes. e) Testing of nuclear weapons under the sea. f) Agricultural fertilisers and chemicals washed in to the river by rain water. Effects a) Causes diseases such as cholera when drinking water is contaminated. b) Causes poisoning e.g. when mercury from industries is consumed by fish and is eventually consumed by human beings. c) Causes death of aquatic life like fish due to poisoning and suffocation. d) Makes introduction of fish into aquatic systems difficult. Soil/Land pollution - Addition of harmful substances in the soil land leading to deterioration of their state. a) Chemical fertilisers added to improve fertility. b) Pesticides, fungicides and herbicides to control pests and diseases. c) Chemicals and explosives which are used during mining. d) Nuclear testing and careless testing of nuclear wastes. e) Presence of garbage heaps which stinks, become breeding ground for disease vectors and make the land to look ugly. f) Open cast mining and quarrying of rocks which leaves open pets which people may fall into, water may collect in to them and become breeding ground for mosquitoes which transmit malaria. g) Heaping of the overburden on the land during mining. Effects a) Causes poisoning and cancers when toxic chemicals are absorbed by crops then people consume them. b) Contaminates ground water as rain water aids the toxic chemicals to seep underground. c) Kills soil organisms. d) Affects the growth of crops by altering soil PH. e) Makes land derelict i.e. useless for other activities like agriculture. Air pollution - Addition of toxic and harmful substances in to the air which destroy its purity. Causes a) Eruption of volcanoes which releases poisonous gases, dust and ash particles to the atmosphere. b) Natural fires started by lava flows and lightning which add a lot of smoke into the air. c) Industrial emissions e.g. sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons etc. d) Dust and carbon particles added by quarrying and factories, e) Tanneries which release large quantities of hydrogen sulphide and ammonia into the atmosphere. f) Smoke and poisonous gases from motor vehicle emissions. Effects a) Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide combine with water vapour forming acidic water which corrodes buildings. b) Sulphur dioxide also combines with oxygen forming a dilute mixture of sulphuric acid which damages forests, ancient buildings and sculptures. c) Lead released into the air from leaded fuels is absorbed by vegetables which are eaten by human beings and animals causing sickness resulting from poisoning. d) Large quantities of smoke contribute to formation of smog in industrial cities such as Beijing. e) Hydrocarbons cause depletion of ozone layer leading to excess UVR reaching the surface which accelerates global warming and causes problems such as skin cancers, deterioration of plastics etc. f) Air pollution also causes respiratory problems and also aggravates respiratory diseases such as asthma. respiratory Noise Pollution - Discordant sound which is excessive, unwanted and of a disturbing nature. Causes a) Booming music in night clubs, shops or motor vehicles. b) Repeated hooting of motor vehicles. c) Revving of motor vehicles’ engines continuously. d) Defective exhausts of vehicles or without silencers. e) Sound from large aeroplanes and military aircraft. f) Loud noises from machines in factories. Effects a) Headaches b) Stress leading to physical or mental illnesses such as neurosis. c) Cause people to become irritable. d) Raising blood pressure. e) Damaging of eardrums leading to impaired hearing or total deafness Measures undertaken to Curb Pollution a) Not to cultivate on river banks to prevent silting of rivers, lakes and reservoirs. b) Sewage treatment before releasing it to the environment. c) Regular inspection of factories to ensure they don’t release toxic fumes to the atmosphere. d) Using unleaded fuels. e) Sorting garbage before disposing it into vegetative and non-biodegradable e.g. plastics and glass. f) Recycling wastes such as plastics, paper, glass and polythene bags and turning vegetative wastes into manure. g) Banning use of chemicals with residual effects in the soil e.g. DDT. h) Use of ear guards. i) Use of efficient energy saving stoves. j) Prohibiting playing of loud music in public service vehicles, clubs and etc. k) Use of pit latrines l) Use of alternative environmentally friendly sources of energy such as solar energy, hydropower, etc. Environments Management and Conservation Measures a) Setting organisations and institutions to coordinate matters related to environmental conservation and management e.g. UNEP. Green Belt Movement, Environmental and wildlife clubs. b) The government has made laws governing environment conservation and management e.g. Wildlife Conservation and Management Act, The Water Act, Forest Act etc. c) Setting up of ministries to deal with various aspects of environment e.g. Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife, Ministry of Water, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, etc. d) Presidential decrees and directives e.g. declaration of “Kayas”, Protecting the aloe plant, etc. e) Educating people to create awareness on environmental issues through the mass media and seminars. f) Participating in environmental activities such as tree planting and construction of gabions during the environmental day. g) Research on development of crops that are resistant to certain pests and diseases and environmentally friendly methods of controlling pests (ICIPE). h) Setting up recycling factories to recycle scrub metal, paper, glass, plastics and make manure out of vegetative wastes. i) Rehabilitating land rendered derelict by mining by filling pits with waste rock and soil and planting vegetation. Global efforts towards environmental Conservation and Management a) Signing of Kyoto Accord where countries agreed to reduce the amount of green house gases they emit. b) International law which binds the countries to protect the sea against pollution and overexploitation of its resources. c) Guidelines on the use of hazardous chemicals have been issued. d) Countries have greed to notify others when they restrict the use of a chemical. e) FAO collaborates on matters involving food additives and pesticide residue. f) Governments are required to notify others of chemical accidents. g) Governments are required to provide assistance when hazardous chemicals cross national frontiers by accident. KCSE Revision Notes Form 1 - Form 4 All Subjects Kenya Scholarships for Undergraduate Students » Kenya Scholarships for Postgraduate Students » Undergraduate Scholarships for Kenyan Students » Kenya Undergraduate Scholarships » Full Undergraduate Scholarships for Kenyans » Kenya Postgraduate Scholarships » Scholarships & Grants » Undergraduate Scholarships » Universities in Kenya » Kenya Universities and Colleges Central Placement Service (KUCCPS) » Colleges in Kenya » KASNEB Registration & Results » Secondary Schools Scholarships in Kenya » Undergraduate & Graduate Scholarships for Kenyans Free KCSE Past Papers » KNEC Past Exams » Free Downloads » KCSE Papers & Marking Schemes "Pdf" Revision Questions Geography Form 2 "Pdf" Revision Questions Geography Form 3 "Pdf" Revision Questions Geography Form 4 "Pdf" Revision Questions Geography Form Four "Pdf" Revision Questions Geography Form One "Pdf" Revision Questions Geography Form Three "Pdf" Revision Questions Geography Form Two 1 a a KCSE Past Papers 10th Grade Geography Questions and Answers 10th Grade Geography Test 11th Ncert Geography 12th Class Geography Book Free Download 2014 KCSE Marking Schemes 2014 Pdf KCSE Past Papers 2015 2015 Geography Essay Questions and Answers Form 4 2016 KCSE Papers 2016 KCSE Prediction Questions 2017 Geography Hsc Answers 2017 KCSE Prediction Questions 2018 Geography KCSE Leakage 2018 Geography KCSE Questions 2018 KCSE Busineness Studies 2018 KCSE Exam 2018 KCSE Leakage 2018 KCSE Prediction Questions 2018 KCSE Questions 2019 Geography KCSE Leakage 2019 Geography KCSE Questions 2019 KCSE Leakage 2019 KCSE Questions 9th Grade Geography Study Guide A a a Geography Notes a a a Geography Notes! a a a GeographyNotes! A a KCSE Past Papers A Biblical View of Social Justice A Level Geography Biological Molecules Questions A Level Geography Exam Questions by Topic A Level Geography Notes Edexcel A Level Geography Notes Xtremepapers A Level Geography Past Papers A Level Geography Questions and Answers a Level Geography Questions and Answers A Level Geography Questions and Answers (Pdf) A Level Geography Questions and Answers Pdf A Level Geography Questions by Topic Kidney Questions With Markschemes A Level Geography Revision A Level Geography Revision Edexcel A Level Geography Revision Guide A Level Geography Revision Notes A Level Geography Revision Notes Pdf A Level Geography Textbook Pdf A Level Geography Year 1 / as Aqa Exam Questions by Topic A Level Edexcel Notes a* Geography aa Geography Form 3 Questions and Answers Advance KCSE Past Papers Advance-africa.com KCSE Rev Quiz Advantages and Disadvantages. All Geography Essays All Geography Notes for Senior Two All KCSE Past Papers Geography With Making Schemes All Marking Schemes Questions and Answers All Past K.c.s.e Questions With Answers Alliance Mocks 2017 Ap Bio Quizzes Ap Geography 1 Textbook Pdf Ap Geography Essay Questions and Answers Are Sourced From KNEC. As Level Geography Notes Atika Geography Notes Atika School Geography Notes B/s Book 2 Notes Basic Geography Books Pdf basic Geography Interview Questions and Answers Pdf Basic Geography Interview Questions and Answers Pdf Basic Geography Pdf Basic Geography Questions and Answers Basic Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Bbc Bitesize Geography Ks3 Bihar Board Geography Objective Answer 2017 Bihar Board Geography Objective Answer 2018 Bio Answers Bio Quesions Geography 0478 Geography 101 Geography 12th Geography 12th Class Notes Pdf Geography 2019 Syllabus Geography All KCSE Short Notes Geography Answers Geography Answers Online Free Geography Answers Quizlet Geography Bk 2 Notes Geography Book 1 Geography Book 1 Notes Geography Book 2 Geography Book 2 Notes Geography Book 3 Geography Book 3 KLB Geography Book 3 Notes Geography Book 4 Geography Book 4 Notes Geography Book 4 Pdf Geography Book for Class 11 Geography Book Four Geography Book Four Notes Geography Book One Geography Book One Notes Geography Book Pdf Free Download Geography Book Three Geography Book Three Notes Geography Book Three Pdf Geography Book Two Geography Book Two Notes Geography Books Form Three Geography Bowl Geography Study Guide Geography Bowl Questions Geography Geography Bowl Questions Earth Geography Geography Bowl Questions Math Geography Bowl Questions Middle School Geography Brekthrough Form Two Notes Geography Class 12 Ncert Solutions Geography Class 12 Pdf Geography Communication Syllabus Geography Diagram Software Geography Diagrams for Class 11 Geography Diagrams for Class 12 Geography Diagrams for Class 9 Geography Diagrams for Class-10 Geography Diagrams in Form 1 Geography Diagrams in Form 2 Geography Diagrams in Form 3 Geography Diagrams in Form 4 Geography Diagrams Pdf Geography Diagrams to Label Geography Essay Questions and Answers Geography Essay Questions and Answers 2018 Geography Essay Questions and Answers Form 1 Geography Essay Questions and Answers Form 2 Geography Essay Questions and Answers Form 3 Geography Essay Questions and Answers Form 4 Geography Essay Questions and Answers Form 4 Pdf Geography Essay Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Essay Revision Q Geography Essays and Answers Geography Essays Form One to Form Four Geography Essays Form One to Form Three Geography Essays KCSE Geography Essays Pdf Geography Exam 1 Multiple Choice Geography Exam 2 Advance Geography Exam 2 Test Geography Exam 2016 Geography Exam Form Four Geography Exam Form One Geography Exam Form Three Geography Exam Form Two Geography Exam Practice Test Geography Exam Questions Geography Exam Questions and Answers Geography Exam Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Exam Study Guide Geography Exams Geography Excretion Notes Geography Exercise Form 4 With Answers Geography Final Exam Answer Key Geography Final Exam Answer Key 2016 Geography Final Exam Answer Key 2017 Geography Final Exam Answers 2018 Geography Final Exam Answers 2019 Geography Final Exam Questions and Answers Geography Fom 1 Notes Geography Fom 2 Notes Geography Fom 3 Notes Geography Fom 4 Notes Geography Form 1 Geography Form 1 & 2 and Answers Geography Form 1 and 2 Essays Geography Form 1 and 2 Essays Questions and Answers Geography Form 1 Chapter 1 Geography Form 1 Diagrams Geography Form 1 Exams Geography Form 1 Mid Year Exam Geography Form 1 Notes Geography Form 1 Notes and Questions Geography Form 1 Notes Download Geography Form 1 Notes Free Download Geography Form 1 Notes GCSE Geography Form 1 Notes KCSE-kcse Geography Form 1 Notes Pdf Geography Form 1 Notes Pdf Download Geography Form 1 Past Papers Geography Form 1 Pdf Geography Form 1 Pressure Geography Form 1 Question Papers Geography Form 1 Questions Geography Form 1 Questions and Answers Geography Form 1 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form 1 Quiz Geography Form 1 Revision Questions Geography Form 1 Summary Notes Geography Form 1 Syllabus Geography Form 1 Work Geography Form 1-4 Notes Geography Form 2 Geography Form 2 Chapter 1 Geography Form 2 Chapter 2 Geography Form 2 Diagrams Geography Form 2 Exam Paper 2014 Geography Form 2 Exams Geography Form 2 Notes Geography Form 2 Notes and Questions Geography Form 2 Notes GCSE Geography Form 2 Notes KCSE-kcse Geography Form 2 Notes Pdf Geography Form 2 Notes Pdf Download Geography Form 2 Past Papers Geography Form 2 Pdf Geography Form 2 Question Papers Geography Form 2 Questions Geography Form 2 Questions and Answers Geography Form 2 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form 2 Quiz Geography Form 2 Revision Notes Geography Form 2 Salts Geography Form 2 Structure and Bonding Geography Form 2 Summary Notes Geography Form 2 Syllabus Geography Form 2 Work Geography Form 3 Geography Form 3 and 4 Essays Geography Form 3 and 4 Essays Questions and Answers Geography Form 3 Chapter 3 Geography Form 3 Classification Geography Form 3 Diagrams Geography Form 3 Ecology Geography Form 3 Exams Geography Form 3 Notes Geography Form 3 Notes and Questions Geography Form 3 Notes GCSE Geography Form 3 Notes KCSE-kcse Geography Form 3 Notes Pdf Geography Form 3 Notes Pdf Download Geography Form 3 Notes Topic 1 Geography Form 3 Past Papers Geography Form 3 Pdf Geography Form 3 Question Papers Geography Form 3 Questions Geography Form 3 Questions and Answers Geography Form 3 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form 3 Questions and Answers Term 3 Geography Form 3 Questions and Answers+pdf Geography Form 3 Quiz Geography Form 3 Revision Notes Geography Form 3 Revision Questions Geography Form 3 Summary Notes Geography Form 3 Syllabus Geography Form 3 Syllabus Pdf Geography Form 3 Topics Geography Form 3 Work Geography Form 4 Geography Form 4 All Chapter Geography Form 4 Chapter 1 Conversion of Units Geography Form 4 Chapter 1 Exercise Geography Form 4 Chapter 1 Exercise and Answers Geography Form 4 Chapter 1 Exercise Pdf Geography Form 4 Chapter 1 Mind Map Geography Form 4 Chapter 2 Geography Form 4 Chapter 2 Exercise and Answers Geography Form 4 Chapter 2 Exercise Pdf Geography Form 4 Chapter 2 Experiment Geography Form 4 Chapter 2 Formula Geography Form 4 Chapter 2 Mind Map Geography Form 4 Chapter 2 Momentum Geography Form 4 Chapter 2 Notes Pdf Geography Form 4 Chapter 2 Objective Questions and Answers Geography Form 4 Chapter 2 Paper 2 Geography Form 4 Chapter 2 Slideshare Geography Form 4 Chapter 3 Geography Form 4 Chapter 3 Questions and Answers Geography Form 4 Chapter 4 Geography Form 4 Chapter 4 Notes Pdf Geography Form 4 Chapter 5 Light Questions and Answers Geography Form 4 Chapter 5 Notes Pdf Geography Form 4 Diagrams Geography Form 4 Exam Paper 1 Geography Form 4 Exams Geography Form 4 Exercise Geography Form 4 Exercise Pdf Geography Form 4 Module With Answer Geography Form 4 Note Geography Form 4 Notes Geography Form 4 Notes (Pdf) Geography Form 4 Notes All Chapter Pdf Geography Form 4 Notes and Questions Geography Form 4 Notes Chapter 1 Geography Form 4 Notes Chapter 2 Geography Form 4 Notes Chapter 3 Geography Form 4 Notes Download Geography Form 4 Notes Free Download Geography Form 4 Notes GCSE Geography Form 4 Notes KCSE-kcse Geography Form 4 Notes Pdf Geography Form 4 Notes Pdf Download Geography Form 4 Paper 2 Questions and Answers Geography Form 4 Past Papers Geography Form 4 Question Papers Geography Form 4 Questions Geography Form 4 Questions and Answers Geography Form 4 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form 4 Quiz Geography Form 4 Revision Notes Geography Form 4 Schemes of Work Geography Form 4 Summary Notes Geography Form 4 Syllabus Geography Form 4 Textbook Pdf Geography Form 4 Work Geography Form 5 Chapter 1 Exercise and Answers Geography Form 5 Chapter 1 Notes Pdf Geography Form 5 Chapter 2 Notes Pdf Geography Form 5 Chapter 2 Slideshare Geography Form 5 Chapter 3 Notes Pdf Geography Form 5 Notes Pdf Geography Form Four Book Geography Form Four Notes Geography Form Four Notes and Questions Geography Form Four Notes GCSE Geography Form Four Notes Pdf Geography Form Four Past Papers Geography Form Four Questions Geography Form Four Questions and Answers Geography Form Four Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form Four Quiz Geography Form Four Study Notes Geography Form Four Syllabus Geography Form Four Topic 2 Geography Form Four Topic 4 Geography Form Four Topics Geography Form Four Work Geography Form One Geography Form One Book Geography Form One Book Pdf Geography Form One Download Topic 1 Upto 3 Geography Form One Exam Geography Form One Notes Geography Form One Notes and Questions Geography Form One Notes GCSE Geography Form One Notes Pdf Geography Form One Pdf Geography Form One Questions Geography Form One Questions and Answers Geography Form One Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form One Questions and Their Answers Geography Form One Quiz Geography Form One Revision Question Geography Form One Schemes of Work Geography Form One Study Notes Geography Form One Syllabus Geography Form One Term Three Test Geography Form One to Three Notes Geography Form One Work Geography Form Three Geography Form Three Book Geography Form Three Notes Geography Form Three Notes and Questions Geography Form Three Notes GCSE Geography Form Three Questions and Answers Geography Form Three Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form Three Quiz Geography Form Three Reproduction Geography Form Three Reproduction. Geography Form Three Study Notes Geography Form Three Work Geography Form Three-questions and Answers Geography Form Two Geography Form Two Book Geography Form Two Diagrams Geography Form Two Notes Geography Form Two Notes and Questions Geography Form Two Notes GCSE Geography Form Two Notes Pdf Geography Form Two Notes-pdf Geography Form Two Pdf Geography Form Two Questions Geography Form Two Questions and Answers Geography Form Two Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form Two Quiz Geography Form Two Study Notes Geography Form Two Topics Geography Form Two Work Geography Form Two,schemes of Work Geography Form2 Geography Form2 Textbook Geography Game Form Four Question End Answers Geography Grade 10 Exam Papers Geography Hsc Pdf Geography Human Reproduction Video Geography IGCSE Past Papers Xtremepapers Geography K.c.s.e 2017 Geography KCSE Geography KCSE 2016 Geography KCSE 2017 Geography KCSE 2017 Paper 1 Geography KCSE Past Papers Geography KCSE Questions Geography KCSE Questions and Answer Geography KCSE Quizzes & Answers Geography KCSE Revision Geography KCSE Revision Notes Geography KCSE Setting Questions Form One and Two Geography Ksce 2015 Geography Last Year K.c.s.e Questions Geography Lesson Plan Form Two Geography Made Familiar Geography Mcq for Class 11 Geography Mcq for Class 12 Geography Mcq for Competitive Exams Geography Mcq for Competitive Exams Pdf Geography Mcq for Neet Pdf Geography Mcq for Ssc Geography Mcq Questions With Answers Geography Mcq With Answers Pdf Geography Mcqs for Class 12 Pdf Geography Mcqs With Answers Pdf Geography Mid Familia Form One Geography Mock Papers Geography Module Form 5 Geography Multiple Choice Questions and Answers Cxc Geography Multiple Choice Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Multiple Choice Questions With Answers Pdf Geography Note Geography Note Form Two All Chapters Geography Notes Geography Notes and Guestion and Answear Geography Notes and Syllabus Geography Notes Class 10 Geography Notes for Class 11 Pdf Geography Notes for Class 12 Pdf Geography Notes for High School Students Geography Notes for IGCSE 2014 Geography Notes Form 1 Geography Notes Form 1 4 Geography Notes Form 1 Free Download Geography Notes Form 1 KLB Geography Notes Form 1 Pdf Geography Notes Form 1-4 Geography Notes Form 1-4(1) Geography Geography Notes Form 14 Geography Notes Form 2 Geography Notes Form 2 KLB Geography Notes Form 2 Pdf Geography Notes Form 2; Geography Notes Geography Notes Form 3 Geography Notes Form 3 KLB Geography Notes Form 3 Pdf Geography Notes Form 4 Geography Notes Form 4 Chapter 2 Geography Notes Form 4 KLB Geography Notes Form 4 Pdf Geography Notes Form 4-pdf Geography Notes Form Four Geography Notes Form Four KLB Geography Notes Form Four Pdf Geography Notes Form One Geography Notes Form One KLB Geography Notes Form One Pdf Geography Notes Form One to Form Four Geography Notes Form Three Geography Notes Form Three KLB Geography Notes Form Three Pdf Geography Notes Form Two Geography Notes Form Two KLB Geography Notes Form Two Pdf Geography Notes Form2 Geography Notes IGCSE Geography Notes Kenya Geography Notes on Agroforestry Geography Notes Pdf Geography Notes: Geography Objective Answer Geography Objective Answer 2018 Geography Objective Questions for Competitive Exams Geography Objective Questions for Competitive Exams Pdf Geography Oral Exam Questions Geography Paper 1 Geography Paper 1 2018 Marking Rules Geography Paper 1 Notes Geography Paper 1 Questions Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers Geography Paper 1 Topics Geography Paper 1 With Answers Geography Paper 2 Geography Paper 2 2017 Geography Paper 2 2018 Marking Rules Geography Paper 2 Questions and Answers Geography Paper 2 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Paper 2 Revision Geography Paper 2 Topics Geography Paper 2018 Geography Paper 3 2018 Marking Rules Geography Paper 3 Question and Answer Geography Paper 3 Question Paper 2014 KCSE Geography Paper 3 Question Paper 2015 KCSE Geography Paper 3 Question Paper 2016 KCSE Geography Paper 3 Question Paper 2017 KCSE Geography Paper 3 Question Paper 2018 KCSE Geography Paper 3 Questions and Answers Geography Paper One Questions and Answers Geography Paper One Topics Geography Paper Two Qestions With Answers Geography Paper1 Geography Paper2 Geography Paper3 Geography Paper4 Geography Past Papers Geography Past Papers 2017 Geography Past Papers a Level Geography Past Papers Form 1 Geography Past Papers Form 2 Geography Past Papers Form 3 Geography Past Papers O Level Geography Pdf Download Geography Pp1 KCSE 2016 Geography Practical Book Class 12 Pdf Geography Practical Exam Geography Practicals Form One Geography Practicals Questions and Answers Geography Practice Test 9th Grade Geography Practice Test Answers Geography Practice Test Questions and Answers Geography Practice Test Quizlet Geography Predicted Questions This Year KCSE Geography Preparation Notes Geography Pretest High School Pdf Geography Question and Answer With Explanation Geography Question and Answers 2019 Geography Question and Answers 2020 Geography Question and Answers 2021 Geography Question and Answers 2022 Geography Question and Answers Note Geography Questions Geography Questions and Answers Geography Questions and Answers for High School Geography Questions and Answers for High Schools Geography Questions and Answers for High Schools Pdf Geography Questions and Answers for Secondary Schools Geography Questions and Answers Form 1 Geography Questions and Answers Form 2 Geography Questions and Answers Form 3 Geography Questions and Answers Form 4 Geography Questions and Answers Multiple Choice Geography Questions and Answers Notes Geography Questions and Answers O Geography Questions and Answers Online Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Questions and Answers Pdf for Class 12 Geography Questions and Answers Pdf for Competitive Exams Geography Questions and Answers-form 2 Geography Questions for High School Geography Questions for High School Students With Answers Geography Questions for Senior 1 Geography Questions for Senior 2 Geography Questions for Senior 3 Geography Questions for Senior 4 Geography Questions for Senior 5 Geography Questions for Senior 6 Geography Questions for Senior Five Geography Questions for Senior Four Geography Questions for Senior One Geography Questions for Senior Six Geography Questions for Senior Three Geography Questions for Senior Two Geography Questions Form One Geography Questions Multiple Choice Geography Questions Quizlet Geography Questions to Ask Your Teacher Geography Quetion and Answer Form Four Geography Quetion and Answer Form One Geography Quetion and Answer Form Three Geography Quetion and Answer Form Two Geography Quiz for Class 9 Geography Quiz for Class 9 Geography Geography Quiz Questions and Answers for Class 10 Geography Quiz Questions and Answers for Class 10 Pdf Geography Quiz Questions and Answers for Class 12 Geography Quiz Questions and Answers for Class 9 Geography Quiz Questions and Answers for Class 9 Pdf Geography Quiz Questions and Answers for High School Geography Quiz Questions and Answers Multiple Choice Geography Quiz Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Quiz Questions for Class 12 Geography Quiz Questions for College Students Geography Quiz With Answers Geography Quiz With Answers Pdf Geography Quizlet Geography Revision Geography Revision a Level Geography Revision Geography Notes Geography Geography Revision Exam Geography Revision Examination Geography Revision Form One Geography Revision Notes Geography Revision Notes Geography Geography Revision Notes Form 1 Geography Revision Notes Form 2 Geography Revision Notes Form 3 Geography Revision Notes Form 4 Geography Revision Notes IGCSE Geography Revision Paper One Geography Revision Questions Geography Revision Questions and Answers Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form 1 Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form 2 Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form 3 Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form 4 Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form Four Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form One Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form Three Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form Two Geography Revision Questions Form 1 Geography Revision Questions Form 2 Geography Revision Questions Form 3 Geography Revision Questions Form 4 Geography Revision Questions Form Four Geography Revision Questions Form One Geography Revision Questions Form Three Geography Revision Questions Form Two Geography Revision Quiz Geography Revision Test Geography Secondary School Revision Geography Simple Notes Geography Spm Notes Download Geography Spm Notes Pdf Geography Spm Questions Geography Study Form 2 Geography Study Guide Geography Study Guide Answer Key Geography Study Guide Answers Geography Study Guide Geography Questions and Answers Geography Study Guide Ib Geography Study Guide Pdf Geography Study Guides Geography Study Notes Geography Study Notes Materials Form 1 Pdf Geography Study Notes Materials Form 2 3 Pdf Geography Study Notes Materials Form 2 Pdf Geography Study Notes Materials Form 3 Pdf Geography Study Notes Materials Form 4 Pdf Geography Syllabus in Kenya Geography Syllabus Pdf Geography Test 1 Quizlet Geography Test Questions Geography Test Questions and Answers Geography Test Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Topic One Form Four Geography Topics Form One Geography Unit 1 Quiz Geography Vol 3 Geography | Revision Geography Geography,form 4 Geography.form Four.topic Three Geography Exam Form Three Geography Module Form 5 Geography Notes Geography Notes for Class 11 Pdf Geography Notes for Class 12 Pdf Geography Notes Form 1 Geography Notes Form 1 Free Download Geography Notes Form 2 Geography Notes Form 3 Geography Notes Form 3 Pdf Geography Notes IGCSE Geography Notes Pdf Geography Past Papers Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Simple Notes Geography Notes Download Geography Notes Pdf Geography Questions Geography Study Guide Answers Geography Study Guide Pdf Geography Study Guides Blologytextpapers Bridge Geography Business Past KCSE Past Papers Business Studies Form 3 Notes Pdf Business Studies Form 4 Notes Pdf C R E Form One KLB C R E Form One Oli Topic C.r.e Form 1 Notes Kenya C.r.e Form 2 Notes Kenya C.r.e Form 3 Notes C.r.e Form 3 Notes Kenya C.r.e Form 3 Pdf C.r.e Form 4 Notes Kenya C.r.e Form One Notes Pdf C.r.e Notes Form 1 C.r.e Revision Notes C.r.e Short Notes Cambridge IGCSE Geography Cambridge IGCSE Geography 3rd Edition Cambridge IGCSE Geography 3rd Edition Plus Cd South Asia Edition Cambridge IGCSE Geography Answers Cambridge IGCSE Geography Coursebook Pdf Download Cambridge IGCSE Geography Practical Workbook Cambridge IGCSE Geography Revision Guide Pdf Cambridge IGCSE Geography Study and Revision Guide 2nd Edition Pdf Cambridge IGCSE Geography Study and Revision Guide Pdf Cambridge IGCSE Geography Workbook Free Download Cambridge IGCSE Geography Workbook Pdf Cambridge IGCSE® Geography Coursebook Caucasian Chalk Circle Essay Questions Chapter 1 Introduction to Geography Chapter 1 Introduction to Geography Studies Cie a Level Geography Notes 2016 Cie a Level Geography Notes Pdf Cie Past Papers Class 10 Geography Chapter 1 Mcqs Class 8 Geography Notes KCSE-kcse College Geography Notes College Geography Practice Test College Geography Quiz College Geography Quiz Chapter 1 College Geography Quizlet College Geography Study Guide College Geography Study Guide Pdf College Geography Test Questions and Answers College Geography Volume 3 Pdf College GeographyNotes Complete Geography for Cambridge IGCSE Complete Geography for Cambridge IGCSE Revision Guide Pdf County Mocks 2017 Cse Past Papers Geography 2017 Dl Geography Form 3 Pdf Kusoma Download Geography Form 1 Download Geography Form 2 Download Geography Form 2 Notes Download Geography Form 3 Download Geography Form 3 Notes Download Geography Form 4 Download Geography Form Four Download Geography Form One Download Geography Form Three Download Geography Form Two Download Geography Notes Form 3 Download Geography Notes Form One Download GeographyNotes Form 3 Download Form Three Geography Notes Download Free KCSE Past Papers Geography Download Free KCSE Past Papers From KNEC. Download KCSE Past Papers With Answers Download KCSE Revision Notes Download KLB Geography Book 2 Download KLB Geography Book 3 Download KLB Geography Book 4 Download Notes of Geography Downloads | Geography | Form Four Exams | Exams Downloads | Geography | Form One Exams | Exams Downloads | Geography | Form Three Exams | Exams Downloads | Geography | Form Two Exams | Exams Downloads | KCSE Papers and Marking Schemes | Dvance KCSE Past Papers Easy Geography Questions Edexcel a Level Geography B Edexcel a Level Geography Notes Pdf Edexcel a Level Geography Salters Nuffield Edexcel A2 Geography Notes Edexcel as Geography Revision Guide Pdf Edexcel Geography A2 Revision Notes Pdf Edexcel Geography Unit 2 Revision Notes Edexcel GCSE Geography Revision Guide Pdf Edexcel IGCSE Geography Past Papers Edexcel IGCSE Geography Revision Guide Free Pdf Download Edexcel IGCSE Geography Revision Guide Pdf Edexcel IGCSE Geography Revision Guide Pdf Download Electronics Form Four Notes Energy Questions Geography Bowl Essay Questions and Answers KCSE Geography Notes Essay Questions and Answers on Betrayal in the City Essay Questions Based on Betrayal in the City Evolving World Geography Book 1 Pdf Evolving World Geography Book 4 Notes Evolving World Geography Book Form 1 Evolving World-history Book 3 Exam Notes for Geography 101 Exams KCSE Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers F3 Geography Test Paper Find Download KCSE Past Papers With Answers Find KCSE Geography Essay Questions and Answers Form 1 Geography Exam Form 1 Geography Notes Form 1 Geography Questions and Answers Form 1 Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form 1 Geography Revision Notes Form 1 Geography Summurized Revision Pdf Form 1 Geography Syllabus Form 1 Geography Test Paper Pdf Form 1 Geography Topics Form 1 Geography Notes Form 1 Geography Questions and Answers Form 1 Geography Revision Notes Form 1 Geography Syllabus Form 1 Geography Test Paper Pdf Form 1 Past Papers Form 1 Past Papers With Answers Form 1 Revision Papers Form 1 Subjects in Kenya Form 2 Geography Exam Form 2 Geography Exam Paper Form 2 Geography Exam Paper 2016 Form 2 Geography Exam Paper Free Download Form 2 Geography Exam Paper With Answer Form 2 Geography Final Year Exam Paper 2 Form 2 Geography Notes Form 2 Geography Notes and Revision Questions Form 2 Geography Notes Pdf Form 2 Geography Past Papers Form 2 Geography Questions Form 2 Geography Questions and Answers Form 2 Geography Questions and Answers > Form 2 Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form 2 Geography Revision Notes Form 2 Geography Short Notes Form 2 Geography Syllabus Form 2 Geography Exam Paper Form 2 Geography Exam Paper Free Download Form 2 Geography Exam Paper With Answer Form 2 Geography Final Year Exam Paper 2 Form 2 Geography Past Papers Form 2 Geography Revision Notes Form 2 Geography Short Notes Form 2 Geography Syllabus Form 2 Revision Papers Form 2 Subjects in Kenya Form 3 Geography Book Form 3 Geography Exam Form 3 Geography Exam Paper Form 3 Geography Notes Form 3 Geography Past Papers Form 3 Geography Questions Form 3 Geography Questions and Answers Form 3 Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form 3 Geography Revision Notes Form 3 Geography Syllabus Form 3 Geography Exam Paper Form 3 Geography Notes Form 3 Geography Past Papers Form 3 Geography Questions Form 3 Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form 3 Geography Revision Notes Form 3 Geography Syllabus Form 3 C.r.e Form 3 Notes of Geography Topic on Fish Form 3 Past Papers Form 3 Revision Papers Form 3 Subjects in Kenya Form 4 Geography Exam Form 4 Geography Notes Form 4 Geography Notes Pdf Form 4 Geography Questions and Answers Form 4 Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form 4 Geography Revision Notes Form 4 Geography Syllabus Form 4 Geography Topics Form 4 Geography Notes Form 4 Geography Revision Notes Form 4 Geography Syllabus Form 4 Geography Topics Form 4 Exam Papers Form 4 Revision Papers Form 4 Subjects in Kenya Form 5 Geography Topics Form 5 GeographyTopics Form Five Geography Notes Form Five GeographyNotes Form Four Geography Book Form Four Geography Notes Form Four Geography Notes Pdf Form Four Geography Questions and Answers Form Four Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form Four Geography Revision Questions Form Four Geography Syllabus Form Four Geography Topics Form Four Geography Notes Form Four Geography Questions and Answers Form Four Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form Four Geography Topics Form Four Notes Form Four Revision Papers Form Four Subjects in Kenya Form One Geography Book Form One Geography Examination Form One Geography First Topic Form One Geography Lesson Plan Form One Geography Notes Pdf Form One Geography Past Papers Pdf Form One Geography Questions Form One Geography Questions and Answers Form One Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form One Geography Revision Questions Form One Geography Short Notes Form One Geography Syllabus Form One Geography Topics Form One GeographyExamination Form One GeographyPast Papers Pdf Form One GeographyQuestions and Answers Form One GeographyQuestions and Answers Pdf Form One GeographyTopics Form One Exams Form One Notes of Geography Form One Past Papers Form One Subjects in Kenya Form One Term One Geography Exam Form One Term One GeographyExam Form Three Geography Book Form Three Geography Book Pdf Form Three Geography Notes Form Three Geography Notes Pdf Form Three Geography Questions and Answers Form Three Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form Three Geography Revision Questions Form Three Geography Syllabus Form Three Geography Topics Form Three GeographyNotes Form Three GeographyNotes Pdf Form Three GeographyQuestions and Answers Form Three GeographyQuestions and Answers Pdf Form Three GeographyTopics Form Three Subjects in Kenya Form Two Geography Book Form Two Geography Cat Form Two Geography Examination Form Two Geography Notes Form Two Geography Notes Pdf Form Two Geography Past Papers Form Two Geography Questions and Answers Form Two Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form Two Geography Revision Questions Form Two Geography Syllabus Form Two Geography Topics Form Two GeographyNotes Form Two GeographyNotes Pdf Form Two GeographyQuestions and Answers Form Two GeographyQuestions and Answers Pdf Form Two GeographySyllabus Form Two GeographyTopics Form Two Notes Form Two Subjects in Kenya Free a-level Geography Revision App | Pass Your Geography Exams Free Geography Form 1 Notes Free Geography Notes Form 1 Free Geography Notes Pdf Free GeographyNotes Pdf Free College Geography Practice Test Free Form1,form2,form3 Past Papers Free KCSE Past Papers Free KCSE Mocks 2015 Free KCSE Past Papers 2014 Free KCSE Past Papers KCSE Past Free KCSE Past Papers Kenya, Free KCSE Past Papers With Answers Free KCSE Questions and Answers on Geography Free KCSE Revision Notes Free Marking Schemes Free Mocks Online KCSE Answers Past Exams Question Papers Free Revision Papers From Three Notes Topic One KLB Fun Geography Questions Funny Geography Questions Funny Geography Questions and Answers Funny Geography Questions to Ask Funny Geography Quotes GCSE Geography Exam Questions and Answers GCSE Geography Past Papers GCSE Geography Revision GCSE Geography Revision Notes GCSE Geography Revision Notes Pdf GCSE Geography Revision Notes Pdf 9-1 GCSE Geography Revision Questions and Answers GCSE Geography Textbook Pdf GCSE Geography Topics Pass My Exams: Easy Exam Revision Notes General Geography Notes Pdf General Geography Practice Test With Answers General Geography Quiz General Geography Quiz Pdf General Geography Test Questions and Answers General Geography Test Questions and Answers Pdf General Knowledge in Geography Human Body Good Geography Questions to Ask GRE Geography Practice Test GRE Geography Subject Test Pdf Handbook of Geography Pdf Free Download Hard Geography Questions Hard Geography Questions and Answers Hard Geography Questions to Ask Your Teacher Hard Geography Quiz Questions Hard Form 3 Geography Question High School Geography Final Exam Doc High School Geography Final Exam Pdf High School Geography Final Exam Questions High School Geography Final Exam Questions and Answers High School Geography Notes High School Geography Practice Test High School Geography Pretest With Answers High School Geography Questions and Answers Pdf High School Geography Study Guide High School Geography Test Questions and Answers Pdf High School GeographyNotes High School GeographyStudy Guide How to Answer KCSE Geography Question How to Motivate a Form 4 Student How to Motivate a KCSE Candidate How to Motivate a KCSE Student How to Pass Geography Questions & Answers Form 1&2 | Text Book How to Revise Geography How to Revise Effectively for KCSE How to Study Geography: 5 Study Techniques to Master Geography Hsc Geography 2018 Hsc Geography 2019 Https://www.knec.ac.ke/ Www.knec-portal.ac.ke/ KNEC Portal: Ial Geography Notes Ib Geography Cold War Notes Ib Geography Notes Ib Geography Notes Pdf Ib Geography of the Americas Notes Ib Geography of the Americas Study Guide Ib Geography Paper 2 Study Guide Ib Geography Question Bank by Topic Ib Geography Study Guide Pdf Ict Notes Form 1 IGCSE Geography Alternative to Practical Revision IGCSE Geography Alternative to Practical Revision Notes IGCSE Geography Book IGCSE Geography Book Pdf Download IGCSE Geography Notes IGCSE Geography Notes 2017 Pdf IGCSE Geography Notes Edexcel IGCSE Geography Paper 2 Notes IGCSE Geography Paper 6 Notes IGCSE Geography Past Papers IGCSE Geography Past Papers 2014 IGCSE Geography Past Papers 2017 IGCSE Geography Pdf IGCSE Geography Pre Release Material 2018 IGCSE Geography Resources IGCSE Geography Revision Guide IGCSE Geography Revision Guide Free Download IGCSE Geography Revision Guide Pdf Download IGCSE Geography Revision Notes Pdf IGCSE Geography Revision Worksheets IGCSE Geography Workbook Pdf IGCSE Geography Znotes IGCSE GeographyPast Papers IGCSE Notes Geography Importance of Agroforestry Inorganic Geography Multiple Choice Questions With Answers Pdf Inorganic Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Interesting Geography Questions Interesting Geography Questions and Answers Interesting Questions to Ask About Geography Intro to Geography Quiz Introduction of Geography Form One Introduction to Geography Introduction to Geography Notes Introduction to Geography Pdf Introduction to GeographyNotes Is Agroforestry Sustainable? K.c.s.e Answers Geography Paper One 2018 K.c.s.e Geography 2017 K.c.s.e Geography 2018 K.c.s.e Geography Paper 1 2017 K.c.s.e Mocks 2018 K.c.s.e Papers 2015 K.c.s.e Papers 2016 K.c.s.e Past Papers 2014 K.c.s.e.Geography Paper 2 Year 2018 K.c.s.e.results 2018 for Busia County K.l.b Geography Form 3 K.l.b Geography Notes K.l.b GeographyNotes Kasneb Past Papers for Colleges Geography Past Papers KCSE 2010 Marking Scheme KCSE 2010 Past Papers KCSE 2011 Geography Paper 1 KCSE 2011 Marking Scheme KCSE 2012 Geography Paper 2 Marking Scheme KCSE 2012 Marking Schemes KCSE 2013 Geography Paper 1 KCSE 2013 Marking Scheme KCSE 2013 Marking Scheme Pdf KCSE 2014 KCSE 2015 Geography Paper 2 KCSE 2015 Geography Paper 3 KCSE 2015 Marking Scheme KCSE 2015 Past Papers KCSE 2016 Geography Paper 1 KCSE 2016 Geography Paper 2 KCSE 2017 Geography Paper 1 KCSE 2017 Geography Paper 2 KCSE 2017 Hostory Papers With Answers.com KCSE 2017 Marking Scheme KCSE 2017 Papers KCSE 2017 Papers and Marking Scheme KCSE 2017 Papers Pdf KCSE 2017 Past Papers KCSE 2017 Prediction Pdf KCSE 2018 Geography and Answers KCSE 2018 Geography Prediction KCSE 2018 Leakage KCSE 2018 Marking Scheme KCSE 2018 Papers KCSE 2018 Prediction Pdf KCSE 2018 Predictions KCSE 2018 Questions KCSE 2018 Questions and Answers KCSE 2019 Leakage Geography KCSE 2019 Marking Scheme KCSE 2019 Questions KCSE 2019 Questions and Answers KCSE 2020 Questions KCSE 2020 Questions and Answers KCSE Answers KCSE Answers Past Exams Question Papers Downloads | KCSE Geography 2011 KCSE Geography 2016 KCSE Geography Diagramsbiology Revision Tips KCSE Geography Essay Questions and Answers KCSE Geography Essay Questions and Answers Pdf KCSE Geography Essays KCSE Geography Essays Pdf KCSE Geography Marking Schemes KCSE Geography Notes KCSE Geography Notes Pdf KCSE Geography Notes, Syllabus, Questions, Answers KCSE Geography Paper 1 KCSE Geography Paper 1 2011 KCSE Geography Paper 1 2012 KCSE Geography Paper 1 2013 KCSE Geography Paper 1 2015 KCSE Geography Paper 1 2016 KCSE Geography Paper 1 2017 KCSE Geography Paper 1 2017 Pdf KCSE Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers KCSE Geography Paper 2 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2012 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2012 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2015 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2013 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2014 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2015 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2016 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2017 KCSE Geography Paper 3 KCSE Geography Paper 3 2012 KCSE Geography Paper 3 2016 KCSE Geography Paper 3 2017 KCSE Geography Paper 3 Past Papers KCSE Geography Past Papers KCSE Geography Past Papers and Answers KCSE Geography Past Papers Pdf KCSE Geography Practical KCSE Geography Practical 2015 KCSE Geography Practical 2016 KCSE Geography Practical Past Papers KCSE Geography Practicals KCSE Geography Practicals KCSE Geography Paper 1 KCSE Geography Question and Answer KCSE Geography Questions and Answers KCSE Geography Questions and Answers Ap Geography KCSE Geography Revision KCSE Geography Revision Notes KCSE Geography Revision Papers KCSE Geography Revision Questions KCSE Geography Revision Questions and Answers KCSE Geography Syllabus KCSE GeographyNotes KCSE GeographyPaper 1 KCSE GeographyPaper 2 KCSE GeographyPaper 2 Pdf KCSE GeographySyllabus KCSE Business Paper 1 2016 KCSE Business Past Papers KCSE Business Studies Past Papers KCSE Essay Questions in Betrayal in the City KCSE Essays KCSE Exam Papers 2018 KCSE Exam Papers Answers KCSE Form 1 Geography Revision KCSE Form 2 Geography Revision KCSE Form 3 Geography Revision KCSE Form 4 Geography Revision KCSE Form Four Geography Revision KCSE Form One Geography Revision KCSE Form Three Geography Revision KCSE Form Two Geography Revision KCSE KCSE Past Papers KNEC KCSE Leakage KCSE Leakage Geography KCSE Made Familiar Geography KCSE Made Familiar Geography Pdf KCSE Marking Scheme 2016 KCSE Marking Schemes KCSE Marking Schemes 2017 KCSE Marking Schemes Pdf KCSE Mock Exams KCSE Mock Papers 2015 KCSE Mock Papers 2017 KCSE Mock Papers 2018 KCSE Mock Papers Pdf KCSE Mock Papers Pdf 2018 KCSE Mock Papers Pdf KCSE Past Papers KCSE Mocks 2017 KCSE Mocks 2018 KCSE Notes KCSE Online Notes KCSE Online Past Papers KCSE Online Registration KCSE Papers 2015 KCSE Papers and Marking Schemes | Exams KCSE Past Papers KCSE Past Papers 2007 KCSE Past Papers 2009 KCSE Past Papers 2010 KCSE Past Papers 2011 KCSE Past Papers 2011 Pdf KCSE Past Papers 2012 KCSE Past Papers 2013 KCSE Past Papers 2013knec KCSE Past Papers 2014 KCSE Past Papers 2014 Pdf KCSE Past Papers 2015 KCSE Past Papers 2015 Marking Schemes KCSE Past Papers 2015 Pdf KCSE Past Papers 2016 KCSE Past Papers 2016 Pdf KCSE Past Papers 2017 KCSE Past Papers 2017 Pdf KCSE Past Papers 2018 KCSE Past Papers Geography KCSE Past Papers Geography and Answers KCSE Past Papers Geography Pdf KCSE Past Papers Geography With Answers KCSE Past Papers Geographyand Answers KCSE Past Papers Business Studies and Answers KCSE Past Papers KCSE and Answers KCSE Past Papers KCSE and Answers Free Mocks Online KCSE Past Papers Marking Scheme KCSE Past Papers Pdf Download KCSE Past Papers Pdf Download KCSE 2013 KCSE Past Papers With Answers KCSE Past Papers Woodwork and Answers KCSE Prediction 2017 KCSE Prediction 2018 KCSE Prediction 2018 Pdf KCSE Prediction Papers 2018 KCSE Prediction Questions KCSE Prediction Questions 2018 KCSE Prediction Questions and Answers KCSE Questions KCSE Questions and Answers KCSE Questions and Answers. KCSE Questions on Geography KCSE Results, Online Registration, KCSE Result Slip. KCSE Revision KCSE Revision Notes KCSE Revision Notes Geography KCSE Revision Notes Pdf KCSE Revision Papers KCSE Revision Papers 2014 KCSE Revision Papers With Answers KCSE Revision Question for Geography KCSE Revision Questions KCSE Revision Questions and Answers KCSE Revision | Secondary School | Text Books | Text Book Centre KCSE Syllabus Pdf KCSE Trial 2017 KCSE Trial Exams 2017 Kenya Secondary School Geography Syllabus Kenya Secondary School Geography Syllabus Pdf Kenya Secondary School GeographySyllabus Pdf Kenya Secondary School Syllabus Pdf Kenya-kcse-christian Religious Education Syllabus Kenyaplex KCSE Past Papers Kenyaplex Past Papers for Secondary KLB Geography Book 1 Download KLB Geography Book 1 Notes KLB Geography Book 1 Pdf KLB Geography Book 2 KLB Geography Book 2 Notes KLB Geography Book 2 Notes Pdf KLB Geography Book 2 Pdf KLB Geography Book 3 Notes KLB Geography Book 3 Pdf KLB Geography Book 3 Pdf Download KLB Geography Book 4 Notes KLB Geography Book 4 Pdf KLB Geography Book 4 Pdf Download KLB Geography Book 4 Topics KLB Geography Book One KLB Geography Form 1 KLB Geography Form 1 Notes KLB Geography Form 1 Pdf KLB Geography Form 2 KLB Geography Form 2 Book KLB Geography Form 2 Notes KLB Geography Form 2 Pdf KLB Geography Form 2 Pdf Download KLB Geography Form 2 Schemes of Work KLB Geography Form 3 KLB Geography Form 3 Notes KLB Geography Form 3 Notes Pdf KLB Geography Form 3 Pdf KLB Geography Form 3 Pdf Download KLB Geography Form 4 KLB Geography Form 4 Notes KLB Geography Form 4 Pdf KLB Geography Form Four KLB Geography Form Four Notes KLB Geography Form One KLB Geography Form One Notes KLB Geography Form Three KLB Geography Form Three Notes KLB Geography Form Two KLB Geography Form Two Notes KLB Geography Notes KLB Geography Notes Form 4 KLB Geography Pdf KLB GeographyNotes KLB GeographyNotes Form 4 KLB GeographyPdf KNEC Geography Syllabus KNEC Examiners Portal KNEC Website KNEC Ict Past Papers KNEC Past Papers for Colleges KNEC Past Papers Free Download KNEC Past Papers Free Downloads KNEC Past Papers Pdf KNEC Portal Confirmation KNEC Portal KCSE Results KNEC Portal KNEC Past Papers for Colleges Kasneb Past Papers KNEC Revision Papers KNEC Technical Exams Past Papers Kusoma Geography Notes Kusoma Geography Notes Pdf Kusoma Notes Geography Kusoma.co.ke Kusoma.com Past Papers Learner Guide for Cambridge IGCSE Geography Longhorn Geography Book 3 Pdf Made Familiar Geography Made Familiar Geography Pdf Made Familiar Geography Questions Maktaba Tetea Notes Marking Scheme KCSE Geography Past Papers Math Form2 Note Mcqs About Gaseous Exchange Middle School Geography Bowl Geography Questions Mock Past Papers 2017 Mock Past Papers With Answers Mokasa Mock 2017 More Than 1800 Geography Questions and Answers to Help You Study Multiple Choice Questions on Geography Necta Geography Past Papers Necta Geography Practicals Necta GeographyPast Papers Necta GeographyPracticals Necta Form Four Past Papers Necta Past Papers Form 4 Necta Past Papers Form 4 2016 Necta Past Papers Form Six Necta Past Papers Form Two Necta Questions and Answers Necta Review Questions Notes Geography Form 1 Notes Geography Form 2 Notes Geography Form 3 Notes Geography Form 3 Notes Pdf Notes Geography Form 3 Syllabus Notes Geography Form 4 Syllabus Notes on Geography Studies Notes Za Geography 4m 2 Notes Za Geography Form One Notes Za Geography Form Three O Level Geography Practical Experiments O Level Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Orm Three Geography Notes Page Navigation Papacambridge Geography IGCSE Papers KNEC KCSE Online Past Papers KNEC KCSE Results Past Papers Past KCSE Papers Past Paper Questions by Topic Geography Past Papers 2014 Past Papers in Kenya Pdf Geography Form 3 Pdf Geography Notes Pdf Geography Notes Form 1 Pdf Geography Notes Form 2 Pdf Geography Notes Form 3 Pdf Geography Notes Form 4 Pdf Geography Notes Form Four Pdf Geography Notes Form One Pdf Geography Notes Form Three Pdf Geography Notes Form Two Pdf Form 1 Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form 2 Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form 3 Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form 4 Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form Four Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form One Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form Three Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Form Two Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Free KCSE Past Papers and Marking Schemes Pdf" Revision Questions Geography Form 1 Practical Geography Experiments Pdf Practical Geography Question and Answer Pdf Pre Mocks 2018 Preliminary Geography Primary and Secondary Tillage Implements Ppt Pte KNEC Past Papers Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form 1 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form 2 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form 3 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form 4 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form Four Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form One Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form Three Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form Two Questions Based to Introduction to Geography Questions on Gaseous Exchange in Humans Questions on Introduction to Geography Questions to Ask in Geography Class Questions to Confuse Your Geography Teacher Quizlet Geography Test Quizlet Test Questions Qustions in Geography and Answers Revision Revision Geography Notes and Questions? Revision Quiz for Geography for Form Three S.1 Geography Questions S.2 Geography Questions S.3 Geography Questions S.4 Geography Questions Sample Essays on Betrayal in the City School Geography Notes Secondary Geography Notes Secondary Geography Notes Pdf Secondary GeographyNotes Pdf Senior 1 Geography Notes Senior 2 Geography Notes Senior 3 Geography Notes Senior 4 Geography Notes Senior 5 Geography Notes Senior 6 Geography Notes Senior Five Geography Notes Senior Four Geography Notes Senior One Geography Notes Senior Six Geography Notes Senior Three Geography Notes Senior Two Geography Notes Simple Scientific Questions Smart Questions to Ask a Geography Teacher Snab Geography Revision Notes Southwest Mock Paper 2 2016 Geography Only Spm Geography Revision Notes Spm Notes Success Geography Spm Pdf Success GeographySpm Pdf Summary of Geography Form 3 Tahossa Past Papers To Motivate a Form 4 KCSE Student To Motivate a Form 4 Student Topical Revision Material Tricky Geography Questions and Answers Tricky Geography Questions for Adults Tricky Geography Questions With Answers Tricky Geography Quiz Questions Two Geography Revision Questions University Geography Volume 3 Openstax University Geography Volume 3 Pdf University Geography Volume 4 Pdf Ur Revision Guide IGCSE Geography What Are the Types of Gametes Working of Excretory System Www.Geography Form One Notes.com Www.Geography From One KLB.com Www.form 1 Geography.com Www.form 2 Geography.com Www.form 3 Geography.com Www.form 4 Geography.com Www.form Four Geography.com Www.form One Geography.com Www.form Three Geography.com Www.form Two Geography.com Www.kusoma Notes Www.kusoma Revision Materials Www.kusoma.co.ke Geography Notes Xtremepapers IGCSE Geography Year 11 Geography Z Notes Geography IGCSE Znotes as Geography 15 Common Geography Questions From Form 1 15 Common Geography Questions From Form 2 15 Common Geography Questions From Form 3 15 Common Geography Questions From Form 4 15 Common Geography Questions From Form Four 15 Common Geography Questions From Form One 15 Common Geography Questions From Form Three 15 Common Geography Questions From Form Two 150 Common Geography Questions From Form 1 150 Common Geography Questions From Form 2 150 Common Geography Questions From Form 3 150 Common Geography Questions From Form 4 150 Common Geography Questions From Form Four 150 Common Geography Questions From Form One 150 Common Geography Questions From Form Three 150 Common Geography Questions From Form Two 2019 KCSE Exams Geography Papers All Subjects Online Form1 Notes All Subjects Online Form2 Notes All Subjects Online Form3 Notes All Subjects Online Form4 Notes All Subjects Online Form 1 Notes All Subjects Online Form 2 Notes All Subjects Online Form 3 Notes All Subjects Online Form 4 Notes All Subjects Online Form One Notes All Subjects Online Form Two Notes All Subjects Online Form Three Notes All Subjects Online Form Four Notes 2019 KCSE Exams Papers 2020 KCSE Exams Geography Papers 2021 KCSE Exams Geography Papers Best Geography Books for KCSE Knec Geography Geography 2 Topic Form Two Geography Diagrams Geography Form 1 and 2 Notes Geography Form 1 Download Geography Form 1 Notes Online Geography Form 1 Notes Revision Geography Form 1 Pastpapers and Marking Scheme Geography Form 1 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form 1 Revision Notes Geography Form 1 Text Book Geography Form 1 Text Book Notes Geography Form 2 Download Geography Form 2 Notes Geography Form 2 Notes Online Geography Form 2 Notes Revision Geography Form 2 Pastpapers and Marking Scheme Geography Form 2 Pdf Geography Form 2 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form 2 Revision Notes Geography Form 2 Text Book Geography Form 2 Text Book Notes Geography Form 3 Download Geography Form 3 Notes Online Geography Form 3 Notes Revision Geography Form 3 Pastpapers and Marking Scheme Geography Form 3 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form 3 Revision Notes Geography Form 3 Text Book Geography Form 3 Text Book Notes Geography Form 4 Download Geography Form 4 Notes Online Geography Form 4 Notes Revision Geography Form 4 Pastpapers and Marking Scheme Geography Form 4 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form 4 Revision Notes Geography Form 4 Text Book Geography Form 4 Text Book Notes Geography Form Four Download Geography Form Four Notes Online Geography Form Four Notes Revision Geography Form Four Pastpapers and Marking Scheme Geography Form Four Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form Four Revision Notes Geography Form Four Text Book Geography Form Four Text Book Notes Geography Form One Download Geography Form One Notes Online Geography Form One Notes Revision Geography Form One Pastpapers and Marking Scheme Geography Form One Questions and Answers Geography Form One Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form One Revision Notes Geography Form One Text Book Geography Form One Text Book Notes Geography Form Three Download Geography Form Three Notes Online Geography Form Three Notes Revision Geography Form Three Pastpapers and Marking Scheme Geography Form Three Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form Three Revision Notes Geography Form Three Text Book Geography Form Three Text Book Notes Geography Form Two Download Geography Form Two Notes Online Geography Form Two Notes Revision Geography Form Two Pastpapers and Marking Scheme Geography Form Two Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form Two Revision Notes Geography Form Two Text Book Geography Form Two Text Book Notes Geography Full Exam Papers Geography K.C.S.E Revision Papers Geography KCSE Revision Geography Notes Book Four Geography Notes Book One Geography Notes Book Three Geography Notes Book Two Geography Notes Form 2 Geography Questions and Answers for High Schools Pdf Geography Questions and Answers Form 1 Geography Questions and Answers Form 2 Geography Questions and Answers Form 3 Geography Short Note for Revising Form 1 Geography Short Note for Revising Form 2 Geography Short Note for Revising Form 3 Geography Short Note for Revising Form 4 Geography Short Note for Revising Form Four Geography Short Note for Revising Form One Geography Short Note for Revising Form Three Geography Short Note for Revising Form Two Geography Short Notes Form 1 Geography Short Notes Form 2 Geography Short Notes Form 3 Geography Short Notes Form 4 Geography Short Notes Form Four Geography Short Notes Form One Geography Short Notes Form Three Geography Short Notes Form Two Geography Form 2 Questions and Answers Pdf Brief Notes Geography Form 1 Brief Notes Geography Form 2 Brief Notes Geography Form 3 Brief Notes Geography Form 4 Brief Notes Geography Form Four Brief Notes Geography Form One Brief Notes Geography Form Three Brief Notes Geography Form Two Brief Notes Geography Form3 Chapter1 Download Book 1 Geography Notes Download Book 2 Geography Notes Download Book 3 Geography Notes Download Book 4 Geography Notes Download Book Four Geography Notes Download Book One Geography Notes Download Book Three Geography Notes Download Book Two Geography Notes Download Book1 Geography Notes Download Book2 Geography Notes Download Book3 Geography Notes Download Book4 Geography Notes Download KCSE Geography Study Notes Download Secondary Subjects Download Secondary Subjects in Kenya Download Secondary Subjects KCSE Exams Revision Kenya Exams Revision Kenya KCSE Expected Questions and Answers in Geography Form One Form 2 Geography Notes Form 2 Geography Notes Pdf Form 2 Geography Topics Form 3 Geography Book Pdf Form Iii Topics of Geography Revisios How to Answer Geography Paper 1 Questions? How to Answer Geography Paper 2 Questions? How to Answer Geography Paper 3 Questions? How to Answer KCSE Geography Paper 1 Questions? How to Answer KCSE Geography Paper 2 Questions? How to Answer KCSE Geography Paper 3 Questions? How to Answer Paper 1 Geography Questions? How to Answer Paper 2 Geography Questions? How to Answer Paper 3 Geography Questions? K.C.S.E Revision Papers K.C.S.E Revision Papers Geography KCSE Geography Essay Questions and Answers Pdf KCSE Geography Revisions KCSE Geography Study Notes KCSE Free Geography Qussions KCSE Free Qussions KCSE Revision Kenya KCSE Revisions Geography Form Two Questions Revision Kenya Revision Kenya Kcsse Sammary Note for Geography Form 1 Sammary Note for Geography Form 2 Sammary Note for Geography Form 3 Sammary Note for Geography Form 4 Sammary Note for Geography Form Four Sammary Note for Geography Form One Sammary Note for Geography Form Three Sammary Note for Geography Form Two Www.last Year KCSE Exams.com Geography Paper2 Revision 2019 Igcse Geography Paper 2 Revision Edexcel Igcse Geography Revision Notes Igcse Geography Revision Questions Igcse Geography Revision Notes Pdf Igcse Geography Paper 2 Map Extract Igcse Geography Paper 4 Revision Pdf Igcse Geography Case Studies Pdf Igcse Geography Revision Guide Geography Past Papers 2018 Answers Geography Past Papers Answers Geography Past Papers Marking Schemes A Level Geography Questions and Answers Pdf All Geography Questions and Answers Pdf,ppt Geography Exam Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Multiple Choice Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Questions and Answers for High Schools Pdf Geography Notes Form 1-4 Pdf Free High School Notes Kenya Free Kcse Revision Notes General Geography Test Questions and Answers Pdf High School Geography Multiple Choice Questions and Answers Pdf Kcse Geography Revision Notes Pdf Kcse Revision Books Pdf Kcse Revision Notes Pdf Kenya Secondary School Notes Pdf Notes of Form 123 and 4 All Subject Advice to KCSE Candidates Best Revision Books for KCSE How to Pass an Exam Successfully How to Pass KCSE 2018 How to Pass KCSE 2019 How to Pass KCSE Geography Paper How to Pass KCSE Geography How to Pass KCSE Geography How to Pass KCSE 2019 K.c.s.e Geography Paper 1 2017 KCSE 2019 Prediction KCSE Prediction 2019 KCSE Revision Tips KCSE Geography Paper 1 2018 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2018 KCSE Geography Past Papers Pdf KCSE Past Papers 2012 KCSE Past Papers 2017 Pdf KCSE Past Papers 2018 KCSE Past Papers of Geography Pp2 KCSE Geography Past Papers Pdf Geography KCSE Papers With Their Marking Schemes Geography Paper 1 and Answers KCSE 2017 Papers and Marking Scheme KCSE 2019 Papers and Marking Scheme KCSE Geography Paper 1 2018 KCSE Geography Paper 1 2019 KCSE Geography Paper 1 2019 Past Papers KCSE Geography Paper 2 2017 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2018 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2019 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2019 Past Papers KCSE Geography Paper 3 2019 Past Papers KCSE Geography Past Papers and Answers KCSE Marking Schemes Pdf KCSE Past Papers 2015 Marking Schemes KCSE Past Papers 2019 Marking Schemes KCSE Past Papers Geography Paper 1 2019 KCSE Past Papers Geography Paper 2 2019 KCSE Past Papers Geography Paper 3 2019 Past Papers KCSE Geography Paper 1 2019 Past Papers KCSE Geography Paper 2 2019 Past Papers KCSE Geography Paper 3 2019 Geography Form 1 Questions and Answers Geography Paper 1 2018 Geography Paper 2 2018 Geography Paper 1 2019 Geography Paper 2 2019 Geography Paper 1 Notes Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Paper 2 Questions and Answers Geography Questions and Answers Form 2 KCSE Geography Paper 1 2018 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2018 KCSE Geography Paper 1 2017 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2017 KCSE Geography Paper 1 2019 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2019 Most Tested KCSE Geography Questions Form 1 Geography Notes on Minerals and Rocks Form 3 Geography Questions Form Four Geography Syllabus Form One Geography Notes Form One Geography Questions Form One Geography Teaching Notes Form Two Notes Geography Form 1 Syllabus Geography Form 2 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form Four Topic 3 Geography Form Four: Topic 4 Geography Form Four: Topic 5 Geography Form One Questions and Answers Geography Form One Topic 2 Geography Form One Topic 3 Geography Form Three Past Papers Geography Form Three Survey Geography Form Three: Topic 2 Geography Form Two Past Papers Geography Form Two Topic 3 Geography Form Two Topic 4 Geography Notes Geography Notes Download Geography Notes for Form Two Geography Notes for O Level Geography Notes Form 1-4 Geography Notes Form 1-4 Pdf Download Geography Notes Form 2 Geography Notes Form 2 Msomi Bora Geography Notes Form 3 Geography Notes Form 4 Geography Notes Form 4 Population Geography Notes Pdf Geography Statistics Notes Pdf Notes Za Geography Notes Za Geography Advance Notes Za Geography Form 1 Notes Za Geography Form 2 Notes Za Geography Form 3 Notes Za Geography Form 4 Notes Za Geography Form Five Notes Za Geography Form Four Notes Za Geography Form One Notes Za Geography Form Three Notes Za Geography Form Two Geography Mock Papers Geography Paper 1 2019 Geography Paper 1 Notes Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers Geography Paper 1 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Paper 2 Form 3 Geography Paper 2 Notes Geography Paper 2 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Past Papers Geography Past Papers Pdf Geography Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Revision Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Revision Questions Pdf Common Exam Questions in Geography Paper 1 Common Exam Questions in Geography Paper 2 Common Test Questions in Geography Paper 1 Common Tested Questions in Geography Paper 1 Commonly Tested Questions in Geography Paper 1 K.c.s.e.Geography Questions and Answers KCSE 2019 Geography Paper 1 Marking Scheme KCSE 2019 Geography Paper 2 KCSE 2019 Geography Paper 2 Marking Scheme KCSE 2020 Prediction Questions and Answers KCSE Geography Paper 1 2019 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2016 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2017 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2018 KCSE Geography Paper 2 2019 KCSE Geography Questions and Answers Most Tested Questions in Geography Paper 1 Most Tested Questions in Geography Paper 2 Mostly Tested Questions in Geography Paper 1 Mostly Tested Questions in Geography Paper 2 Geography Form 4 Geography Revision Questions Form 1 Geography Notes Form 1 Form 4 Notes High Flyer Series Geography Form 1-4 Kcse Past Papers Geography With Answers Geography Notes Download Secondary Geography Notes Pdf Water and Hydrogen Form 1 Notes High Flyer Series KCSE Revision in Geography High Flyer Series KCSE Revision Geography Form 1-4 Revised A Level Geography Notes Uganda Pdf Download Buddo Junior School Holiday Work Geography Notes for a Level Pdf Geography Notes Form 1 Geography Notes Form 3 the Mole Geography Notes Form 4 Geography Notes O Level Geography Notes O Level Uganda Geography Notes O Level Uganda Pdf Geography Notes Pdf Download Geography Notes Form 3 Geography Notes Form 3 Geography Questions and Answers Form Three Geography Syllabus Pdf Gayaza High School Geography Notes Gayaza High School Geography Notes Pdf Gayaza High School Geography Past Papers Gayaza High School Geography Past Papers Answers Gayaza High School Geography Past Papers Questions and Answers Gayaza High School E Learning Gayaza High School Elearning Platform Gayaza High School Examinations Gayaza High School Holiday Work Gayaza High School Notes Gayaza High School Notes 2021 Gayaza High School Notes 2022 Gayaza High School Notes 2023 Gayaza High School Notes Pdf Gayaza Junior School E Learning Platform Gayaza Junior School Holiday Work Gayaza O Level Geography Notes Home › Gayaza High School | Elearning Platform Kabojja Junior School Holiday Work Pdf Klb Geography Book 3 Klb Geography Form 3 Teachers Guide Klb Geography Notes List of Ugandan E-learning Platforms for Students Mirembe Junior School Holiday Work Ntare School Past Papers O Level Geography Notes Free Download O Level Geography Notes in Uganda O Level Geography Notes Pdf O Level Geography Notes Uganda Pdf O Level Geography Notes Uganda Pdf Download O Level General - Home › Gayaza High School | Elearning S.1 Geography Notes | Standard High School Zzana S.3 Geography Notes S.4 Geography 2 Notes | Standard High School Zzana Seeta High School Elearning Seeta High School Holiday Work Seeta High School Notes Seeta High School Notes Pdf Seeta High School Past Papers Seeta High School Past Papers Pdf Senior 1 Geography Notes Senior 1 Geography Notes in Uganda Senior 1 Geography Notes Uganda Senior 1 Geography Questions Senior 1 Exams Senior 1 Work Senior 1 Work 2020 Senior 1 Work 2020 Uganda Senior 2 Geography Notes Senior 2 Geography Notes in Uganda Senior 2 Geography Notes Uganda Senior 2 Geography Questions Senior 2 Exams Senior 2 Work Senior 2 Work 2020 Senior 2 Work 2020 Uganda Senior 3 Geography Notes Senior 3 Geography Notes in Uganda Senior 3 Geography Notes Uganda Senior 3 Geography Questions Senior 3 Exams Senior 3 Work Senior 3 Work 2020 Senior 3 Work 2020 Uganda Senior 4 Geography Notes Senior 4 Geography Notes in Uganda Senior 4 Geography Notes Uganda Senior 4 Geography Questions Senior 4 Exams Senior 4 Work Senior 4 Work 2020 Senior 4 Work 2020 Uganda Senior Four Geography Notes Senior Four Geography Notes in Uganda Senior Four Geography Notes Uganda Senior Four Geography Questions Senior Four Exams Senior Four Work Senior Four Work 2020 Senior Four Work 2020 Uganda Senior One Geography Notes Senior One Geography Notes in Uganda Senior One Geography Notes Uganda Senior One Geography Questions Senior One Exams Senior One Work Senior One Work 2020 Senior One Work 2020 Uganda Senior Three Geography Notes Senior Three Geography Notes in Uganda Senior Three Geography Notes Uganda Senior Three Geography Questions Senior Three Exams Senior Three Work Senior Three Work 2020 Senior Three Work 2020 Uganda Senior Two Geography Notes Senior Two Geography Notes in Uganda Senior Two Geography Notes Pdf Senior Two Geography Notes Uganda Senior Two Geography Questions Senior Two Exams Senior Two Work Senior Two Work 2020 Senior Two Work 2020 Uganda St Mary's Kitende E Learning Standard High School Notes Standard High School Zana a Level Notes Standard High School Zana Com Notes Standard High School Zana E Learning Standard High School Zana E Learning Platform Standard High School Zana E-learning Platform Standard High School Zana Notes for Senior Two Standard High School Zana Notes Pdf Standard High School Zana Website Standard High Zana Notes Uace Geography Notes Uace Geography Notes Pdf Uce Geography Notes Pdf Uce Geography Notes Pdf Download Uce Past Papers Uganda Secondary Schools E-learning Platform Uneb Marking Guides Pdf Uneb Past Papers and Answers Pdf Geography Form 1 Questions and Answers Pdf Download Geography Notes Form 1-4 Geography Form 1 Questions and Answers Pdf Form 1 Geography Topical Questions Form 1 Geography Exam Paper With Answer Pdf Form 1 Exams 2020 Form 1 Geography Past Papers Form 1 Geography Revision Papers With Answers Sample Geography Test for Form One Exams Ntare School Past Papers Seeta High School Notes Pdf Seeta High School Past Papers Seeta High School Past Papers Pdf St Mary's Kitende Past Papers Uce Geography Notes Pdf Uce Past Papers Uneb Marking Guides Pdf Uneb Past Papers and Answers Pdf Geography Book 3 Download Geography Form 3 Questions and Answers Geography Form 3 Syllabus Geography Form 3 Topics Geography Notes Form 3 Geography Notes Form 3 Geography Notes Form 3 Geography Notes Form Three Geography Notes Pdf Download Form 3 Geography Exam Form 3 Geography Notes on Pdf Revision Geography Revision a Level Geography Revision Notes - Geography S.1-Geography-notes S.1-Geography-notes Uganda S.2-Geography-notes S.2-Geography-notes Uganda S.3-Geography-notes S.3-Geography-notes Uganda S.4-Geography-notes S.4-Geography-notes Uganda S.5-Geography-notes S.5-Geography-notes Uganda S.6-Geography-notes S.6-Geography-notes Uganda S1 Geography Notes Term 1 S1 Geography Notes Term 2 S1 Geography Notes Term 3 S2 Geography Notes Term 1 S2 Geography Notes Term 2 S2 Geography Notes Term 3 S3 Geography Notes Term 1 S3 Geography Notes Term 2 S3 Geography Notes Term 3 S4 Geography Notes Term 1 S4 Geography Notes Term 2 S4 Geography Notes Term 3 Senior 3 Geography Notes Senior 3 Geography Notes Uganda Senior Three Geography Notes Senior Three Geography Notes Uganda Geography Form 1 the Cell Geography Form One Notes Free – Education News Geography Notes Form 1-4 Geography Questions and Answers Form 1 - Geography Form One Geography Questions and Answers Form 2 - Geography Form Two Geography Questions and Answers Form 3 - Geography Form Three Geography Questions and Answers Form 4 - Geography Form Four Geography Questions and Answers Senior 1 - Geography Senior One Geography Questions and Answers Senior 2 - Geography Senior Two Geography Questions and Answers Senior 3 - Geography Senior Three Geography Questions and Answers Senior 4 - Geography Senior Four Geography Topic by Topic Questions and Answers Combined Science Notes Form 1 Form 1 Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form 1 Geography Topical Questions Form 1 Revision Papers With Answers Form 2 Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form 3 Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form Four Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form One Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form Three Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form Two Geography Revision Questions and Answers Free Geography Form 1 Notes Free Geography Notes Introduction to Geography Form One Kcse Past Papers: Geography Form 1 Kcse Past Papers: Geography Form 1 Topical Questions Kcse Past Papers: Geography Form 1 Topical Questions and Answers Most Tested Areas in Geography Kcse Most Tested Areas in Geography Kcse Exams Most Tested Areas in Geography Uneb Most Tested Areas in Form 1 in Geography Most Tested Areas in Form 2 in Geography Most Tested Areas in Form 3 in Geography Most Tested Areas in Form 4 in Geography Most Tested Areas in Form Four in Geography Most Tested Areas in Form One in Geography Most Tested Areas in Form Three in Geography Most Tested Areas in Form Two in Geography Most Tested Areas in Kcse Geography Most Tested Areas in Kcse Geography Exams Most Tested Areas in Senior 1 in Geography Most Tested Areas in Senior 2 in Geography Most Tested Areas in Senior 3 in Geography Most Tested Areas in Senior 4 in Geography Most Tested Areas in Senior Four in Geography Most Tested Areas in Senior One in Geography Most Tested Areas in Senior Three in Geography Most Tested Areas in Senior Two in Geography Most Tested Areas in Uneb Geography Revision Notes Geography Form 1 - Free Kcse Past Papers Who Was Geography Champion KCSE 2019 Top 100 Students in Geography KCSE 2019 Best 100 Students in Geography KCSE 2019 Top Student in Geography KCSE Best Student in Geography KCSE Who Was Geography Champion KCSE 2020 Top 100 Students in Geography KCSE 2020 Best 100 Students in Geography KCSE 2020 Names of Best Geography Students KCSE Names of Top Geography Students KCSE Form 1 Geography Notes, Revision Questions and Answers Form 1 Geography Questions and Answers Form 1 Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form Two Geography Questions and Answers Free Geography Form 1 Notes Geography - Form 1 End of Term 1 Examinations Geography Form 1 Questions and Answers - End Term 2 Geography Form 1 to Form 4 Revision Questions and Answers Geography Form 2 Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Form 2 Questions and Answers Pdf Download Geography Form One and Two Question and Answers Geography Form One Topical Examinations Geography Revision Questions and Answers Geography Revision Questions and Answers Form 2 Geography Revision Questions and Answers Pdf Geography Topic by Topic Questions and Answers Can harvesting a species faster than it can reproduce cause extinction?Regardless of the reason, overharvesting implies that changes need to be made to current harvesting practices or else animal and plant populations may not recover. The result can be species extinction at the population or species level, and major ecosystem disturbances due to imbalances in predator–prey relationships.
What effect can deforestation have on the environment quizlet?Food chains are broken. Decreased biodiversity leads to the loss of biotic resources and abiotic resources such as soil, may be lost by erosion. As forests are destroyed tribes have less land for hunting and gathering. Reduced carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere and increased global climate change.
What are the three main causes of loss of biodiversity?Biodiversity, or the variety of all living things on our planet, has been declining at an alarming rate in recent years, mainly due to human activities, such as land use changes, pollution and climate change.
How is tropical deforestation linked to climate change quizlet?How is tropical deforestation linked to climate change? Burning the forests releases carbon dioxide and transpiration by trees is diminished. Wetlands can no longer obtain nutrients from annual floods.
|
What species was overexploited, harvested faster than it could reproduce Quizlet
zusammenhängende Posts
Urheberrechte © © 2024 nguoilontuoi Inc.
