What is an example of early warning systems that can be used to what cyber criminals?

Early warning systems have been around for a long time. Ancient tribes in the Pacific observed the precursory signs of tsunamis in the ocean to warn their communities. In a similar fashion, tribes in Africa and in the Americas watched the skies to warn about potentially catastrophic weather. In the recent past, an improved understanding of the natural hazards that trigger disasters and the deployment of improved sensors and means of communication to transmit the data to observatories in countries have allowed for the improvement of early warning systems and to extend the list of hazards under surveillance.

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Types of early warning systems
Space technologies for early warning
Early warning of outer space hazards
What is an example of early warning systems that can be used to thwart Cybercriminal select one CF database infragard Honeynet Project ISO IEC 27000?
What are cyber early warning networks?
Which type of cybercriminal is the most likely?
Which protocol would be used to provide security for employees that access systems remotely from home?

The relevance of early warning systems has been recognized by the disaster management community and is mentioned explicitly in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030 in Priority 4 (Enhancing disaster preparedness for effective response, and to "Build Back Better" in recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction) and in Target G (Substantially increase the availability of and access to multi‑hazard early warning systems and disaster risk information and assessments to the people by 2030).

The climate change community also recognized the relevance of early warning systems and included the need to conduct such efforts in the Paris Climate Agreement (Article 7, paragraph 7c).

Early warning systems have been implemented and are now operated at the local level for some hazards such as floods; and at the national level to address a variety of hazards. In addition, efforts have been carried out under the umbrella of the United Nations since the nineties to promote the implementation or improvement of early warning systems around the world, including through international cooperation.

The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) defines an early warning systems as "an integrated system of hazard monitoring, forecasting and prediction, disaster risk assessment, communication and preparedness activities systems and processes that enables individuals, communities, governments, businesses and others to take timely action to reduce disaster risks in advance of hazardous events".

Four levels of early warning system.
Image: UNDRR.

In 2003, experts taking part in the 2nd International Early Warning Conference introduced the current concept of efficient or people-centred early warning systems based on four elements:

Disaster risk knowledge based on the systematic collection of data and disaster risk assessments
Detection, monitoring, analysis and forecasting of the hazards and possible consequences
Dissemination and communication, by an official source, of authoritative, timely, accurate and actionable warnings and associated information on likelihood and impact
Preparedness at all levels to respond to the warnings received

In recent years, the concept of multi-hazard early warning systems has been promoted at the international level. Such systems address several hazards and/or impacts of similar or different type in contexts where hazardous events may occur alone, simultaneously, cascadingly or cumulatively over time, considering the potential interrelated effects. During the Third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction held in Sendai, Japan, in March 2015, various UN organizations, including UNOOSA, and other regional and national organizations joined forces to launch the International Network on Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (IN-MHEWS).

Space technologies are playing their role in contributing to early warning systems including through satellite telecommunications, Earth observation and research efforts that are underway to implement the use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). In addition, the space community began is dedicating efforts towards the implementation of early warning systems for space weather and Near-Earth Objects (NEOs).

UN-SPIDER contributes to early warning efforts by raising awareness about the applications of the different types of space technologies in combination with in situ data to improve existing early warning systems. In addition, it is a member of the International Network on Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems (IN-MHEWS).

Types of early warning systems

There are various ways of classifying early warning systems.

By type of hazard

Early warning systems have been developed and implemented for:

Geological hazards like tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanic activity, and landslides
Hydrometeorological hazards including severe weather in land and at sea, floods, droughts, hurricanes, typhoons and cyclones, tornados, cold and heat waves, etc.
Forest fires
Biological hazards including insect plagues like locust outbreaks and harmful algae blooms
Health hazards including vector-borne diseases, viruses and other types of diseases
For pests and diseases on crops and livestock

By the level at which it is operated

Weather monitoring instruments
at the Sri Lanka Department of Meteorology

Community or people-centred early warning systems, operated at a more locallevel by a municipal government or a community. The most typical systems of this kind address flood.
National early warning systems operated by a national-level government agency like a meteorological department, a geological observatory or institute, a health or an agricultural ministry.
Regional systems operated at a more regional level. Two examples in this category are the Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWSNET) operated by the United States of America in various regions of the world and the European Meteoalarm.
Global systems operated at the international level by international organizations like the WHO and FAO.

As a single or multi-hazard system

Single-hazard: Community-operated systems usually address only one type of hazard.
Multi-hazard: Meteorological departments, ministries of health and agriculture operate early warning systems address a variety of hazards or cascading hazards.

Space technologies for early warning

While there are three types of space technologies including satellite telecommunications, Earth observation and GNSS, at this time satellite telecommunications and Earth observation are being used more frequently in several types of early warning systems.

Satellite telecommunications are used in two ways:

To transmit data from sensors deployed in remote areas to observatories, where it is analyzed and used to elaborate forecasts regarding potentially catastrophic events
To transmit warnings from one geographic region to another region, particularly in the case of tsunamis.

Earth observation is used in various types of early warning systems. Some examples of applications include:

To track the path of cyclones, typhoons and hurricanes at sea before they make landfall
To assess the severity of droughts in comparison to historic droughts
To determine the presence of hot spots in active volcanoes
To monitor the progress of floods in very large basins
To determine the potential expansion or deformation of a volcanic cone before an eruption
To track active mass movements including landslides

Space agencies have set up applications to combine satellite imagery to generate relevant products that can be used in early warning systems around the world.

For example, the Copernicus programme of the European Commission operates several useful applications:

Global Drought Observatory
European Flood Awareness System
Global Wildfire Information System

In addition, the Copernicus programme offers access free-of-charge to satellite imagery collected by the fleet of European Sentinel satellites. The higher resolution and frequency of visit allow for applications in specific types of early warning systems. Further repositories of satellite imagery can be found through the data sources page of the Knowledge Portal.

In the United States, the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) provide access to satellite imagery from satellites launched by the United States to users around the world, free of charge. The combination of archived and up-to date satellite imagery is finding its way into several early warning systems including those for drought. In addition, NOAA operates the Global Drought Information System (GDIS). Furthermore, information generated by the National Hurricane Centre (NHC) is used in Caribbean and Central American countries as part of their early warning efforts.

Early warning of outer space hazards

Several space agencies are joining forces with astronomical observatories to monitor extraterrestrial hazards including NEOs and space weather.

The International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN) was established along with the Space Mission Planning Advisory Group (SMPAG) as an international effort, supported by UNOOSA, to deal with NEOs including meteorites.

In addition, space agencies and astronomical observatories are also joining forces to monitor space weather including solar or geomagnetic storms with the support of WMO.

What is an example of early warning systems that can be used to thwart Cybercriminal select one CF database infragard Honeynet Project ISO IEC 27000?

that can be used to thwart cybercriminals? InfragardISO/IEC 27000 programHoneynet Project*CVE databaseExplanation:Early warning systemshelpidentify attacks and can be used by cybersecurityspecialists to protect systems.

What are cyber early warning networks?

The CSIR has developed technology to provide small, medium, and large enterprises with software that detects network invasion at an early stage, to avoid disclosure of sensitive information and eventual loss of revenue.

Which type of cybercriminal is the most likely?

2 / 2 ptsQuestion 2Which type of cybercriminal is the most likely to create malware tocompromise an organization by stealing credit card information? black hat hackersCorrect! Correct! Black Hat Hackers, sometimes called crackers, are hackers who invades computer security out of malice or for their own personal profit.

Which protocol would be used to provide security for employees that access systems remotely from home?

VPNs are commonly used in businesses to enable employees to access their corporate network remotely. IPsec is commonly used to secure VPNs. While a VPN creates a private network between a user's computer and the VPN server, IPsec protocols implement a secure network that protects VPN data from outside access.