All AP World History Resources Show
In response to the greater demand for cheap agricultural labor brought on by European colonization of the New World, large numbers of slaves were imported from which of the following regions? Possible Answers: China North Africa India Sub Saharan West Africa Sub Saharan East Africa Correct answer: Sub Saharan West Africa Explanation: During the 17th, 18th, and early 19th centuries, West Africa was the primary region from which Europeans acquired the large numbers of slaves used for agricultural labor throughout the Western Hemisphere. Though some slaves were also acquired from East Africa, far fewer were sent to the New World. Which of the following statements about slavery in the Renaissance is true? Possible Answers: None of these The mass casualties caused by the Black Death increased the demand for slave labor Most Italian city-states legally mandated ethical treatment of slaves by their owners Slavery was a new economic and cultural development native to the Renaissance era The most common type of slavery was plantation slavery Correct answer: The mass casualties caused by the Black Death increased the demand for slave labor Explanation: Sadly, the Renaissance era’s humanistic philosophy did not extend to the institution of slavery. Europe had a long slave-holding tradition, stretching back to the mass slave markets run by Viking warriors to the ancient Roman and Greek practices of selling prisoners of war. Enslaved individuals came from many ethnic groups across Europe, Asia, and Africa – including Greeks, Russians, Persians, Tatars, Irish, Africans, and Serbs. This practice continued unabated through the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, especially in cases of warfare, where it was established practice for the victorious army to seize captives from the both military and civilian populations to sell in various slave markets. The wholesale devastation of the Black Death heightened the popularity of slavery among Europeans even further, as the demand for laborers rose in the wake of all the plague’s mass casualties. The most common form of slavery was domestically based, in which slaves lived, worked, and served in a household, performing various duties such as cooking, cleaning, farming, and caring for livestock. The Middle Ages and the Renaissance saw the development of plantation style slavery, in which groups of slaves were used in tandem to grow sugarcane on the various Mediterranean islands. In most cultures, including the birthplace of the Renaissance itself, slaves had no legal standing or protection under the law whatsoever; their owners were free to treat their slaves however they pleased, largely without fear of reprisal from any government figures or religious institutions. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the countries and regions in Central and Eastern Europe were less economically advanced and less prosperous than their Western European counterparts. Which of the following is NOT one of the main reasons for this inequity? Possible Answers: No overseas territorial holdings Infrequent and inefficient overseas trade Frequent and disruptive local military conflicts An economic system based mostly on agriculture Fewer serfs to work the land Correct answer: Fewer serfs to work the land Explanation: During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Central and Eastern Europe was not nearly as economically prosperous or as advanced as Western Europe. This unfortunate situation was due to a combination of several factors. First of all, the region’s economic system was overwhelmingly based on agriculture; manufacturing, artisanship, and other rising capitalist endeavors hadn’t taken hold here. While Western Europe was seeing rapid urban growth and expansion, Central and Eastern Europe had very few cities. In fact, most of the land in the region was made up of large estates, with an even larger population of serfs who spent their entire lives working the land. This sort of economic setup didn’t allow for any empire building, so while Spain, England, and France were seizing land in the New World, Central and Eastern European leaders couldn’t even consider such a possibility. As for overseas trade, this region hardly engaged in the practice either, which further impoverished and isolated the area. An additional history of local military disputes, conflicts, and disregard for authority prevented any notable measures of economic reform and/or stability from taking hold. The Encomienda System was established by __________. Possible Answers: Portugal in Ceylon and the Indian coast Spain in the Pacific Islands and southeast Asia Spain in the Iberian peninsula Spain in Latin America and the Caribbean Portugal in Brazil and the African coast Correct answer: Spain in Latin America and the Caribbean Explanation: The Encomienda System was established by Spanish colonists in Latin America and the Caribbean. It was an economic and political system that allowed for the effective enslavement of the native population. The system of indentured labor was most common in __________. Possible Answers: plantations in the Caribbean mines in South America plantations in South America mines in North America plantations in North America Correct answer: plantations in North America Explanation: Indentured labor, or indentured servitude, was most common in plantations in North America. Indentured servitude was a common way for poor Europeans to emigrate to the Americas. In exchange for an agreed upon period of labor, often three to seven years, a wealthy plantation owner would fund the passage of the worker to the New World. After working for the wealthy plantation owner for a number of years the worker would be able to set up a free life for himself in the Americas. The Encomienda System was often vehemently opposed by __________ in the Spanish Empire. Possible Answers: soldiers and sailors foreign mercenaries merchants and investors Christian missionaries the monarchy and the aristocracy Correct answer: Christian missionaries Explanation: The Encomienda System was often vehemently opposed by Christian missionaries in the Spanish colonial empire who were appalled by the excesses and abuses of Spanish rule. Dominican and Franciscan friars were occasionally outspoken in their criticism of the realities of the Encomienda System. Slaves that arrived in the Caribbean __________. Possible Answers: generally worked on sugar plantations and were treated better than on mainland America generally worked on sugar plantations and were treated worse than on mainland America generally worked on cotton plantations and were treated worse than on mainland America generally worked in silver mines and were treated better than on mainland America generally worked on cotton plantations and were treated better than on mainland America Correct answer: generally worked on sugar plantations and were treated worse than on mainland America Explanation: The conditions of slaves in the Caribbean were probably worse than they were anywhere else in the world, with the possible exception of slaves in Portuguese Brazil. Slaves in the Caribbean worked on extremely labor-intensive sugar plantations and were considered as expendable labor due to the ready and continuous supply of new slaves arriving from Africa. Mercantilism was the prevailing economic theory in Europe during __________. Possible Answers: the era of Feudalism the age of European imperialism the twentieth century the Enlightenment era the first era of European colonialism Correct answer: the first era of European colonialism Explanation: Mercantilism was the prevailing economic theory in Europe during the first few centuries of European colonialism, before it was replaced in the eighteenth century by free market capitalism. Mercantilism involves strict government control over the economy and proposes that the government regulate large-scale economic ventures for the purposes of enhancing state power. It also involves the establishment of colonies for the purpose of extracting raw resources (particularly gold and silver), which can be used to directly enrich the metropole. Mercantilism, by its very nature, is competitive and led to many wars between competing European powers. Which of these most accurately describes the Repartimiento System? Possible Answers: A system in which the native population was enslaved and forced to work on plantations year-round in the Portuguese colonial empire None of these answers accurately describes the Repartimiento System A system in which the native population was forced to work, for several months of the year, in slave-like conditions in the Portuguese colonial empire A system in which the native population was forced to work, for several months of the year, in slave-like conditions in the Spanish colonial empire A system in which the native population was enslaved and forced to work on plantations year-round in the Spanish colonial empire Correct answer: A system in which the native population was forced to work, for several months of the year, in slave-like conditions in the Spanish colonial empire Explanation: The Repartimiento System was employed in many parts of Spanish colonial America after the abuses of the Encomienda System had been brought to light. The Repartimiento System differed in that the natives were no longer enslaved, but instead were forced to work for several months of the year in slave-like conditions. Which of these best describes the nature of Shoguns and Daimyos in Japanese feudal society? Possible Answers: Daimyos were soldiers in the emperor’s army; Shoguns were independent powerful military rulers Shoguns were powerful military rulers; Daimyos were hereditary landowners Daimyos were members of the government bureaucracy; Shoguns were hereditary landowners Shoguns were soldiers in the emperor’s army; Daimyos were independent powerful military rulers Daimyos were powerful military rulers; Shoguns were hereditary landowners Correct answer: Shoguns were powerful military rulers; Daimyos were hereditary landowners Explanation: Shoguns and Daimyos were the two ruling groups in Japanese feudal society. Shoguns were powerful military rulers, best understood as warrior-kings. Daimyos were wealthy, hereditary landowners. At various times in Japanese history these two groups worked together, fought against one another and fought amongst themselves for control of Japanese society. All AP World History ResourcesHow did the various labor systems change and stay the same from 1450 to 1750 CE?How did labor systems develop between 1450-1750? Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed, plantations expanded, and demand for labor increased. These changes both fed and responded to growing global demand for raw materials and finished products.
What labor system changed in the 1450 1750 period?Newly developed colonial economies in the Americas largely depended on agriculture, utilized existing labor systems, including the Incan mit'a, and introduced new labor systems including chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and encomienda and hacienda systems.
What was a significant change in the labor migration in 1450 1750?Sample: A continuity during this period in labor migration was the forced movement of artisans, manual laborers, and prisoners by states to build empires, while a major change was the development of North American colonies where free, forced, and indentured migrant laborers were used to build new economies.
What changes and continuities resulted from the European conquest of the Americas?As Europeans conquered the new world, they established new colonial economies in the Americas. These new economies stretched across North and South America and were no longer under the control of native peoples, and Europeans had near domination over profit and labor.
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Analyze continuities and changes in labor systems between 1450 and 1900 in Latin America
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