Both functionalism and conflict theory are macro theories which try to explain how societies work. Functionalism proposes that each individual contributes to the society’s overall performance and stability. In comparison, conflict theory suggests that due to the competition for resources, the society is in a state of perpetual conflict. The following discussions further delve into their distinctions. Show
 What is Functionalism?Functionalism, or the functionalist perspective, is one of sociology’s major theoretical perspectives; it proposes that each individual contributes to the society’s overall performance and stability (Crossman, 2020). It focuses on the macro-level since it views society as more than the sum of its parts. The society as composed of interdependent components which exist to fulfill vital roles. Hence, if one unit or institution malfunctions, the whole society is affected. For instance, the family, which is the smallest unit of the society, functions to rear law-abiding citizens who can also work for other institutions such as education, healthcare, and economy. The family is also expected to pay taxes which are financing the government’s projects for the society. If families malfunction, the whole society’s stability and productivity will be affected. In line with this, functionalism is described as a structural consensus theory. This means that there is a social structure which fundamentally influences the members of the society; and that a stable social structure defines a successful society. Also, value consensus, as evidenced by the people’s agreement of norms and values, is essential in fostering cooperation towards progress. Two of the key functionalist thinkers are Emile Durkheim, a French sociologist, and Talcott Parsons, an American sociologist (Thompson, 2016). Durkheim proposed that the society shapes the individual and social solidarity is essential. The people are heavily influenced by the mores, laws, beliefs, customs, language, and other cultural elements. Also, individuals need to feel that they are a part of something bigger than themselves to create a sense of solidarity. In addition, Durkheim suggested that too much freedom, characterized by unclear morals, leads to anomie, a state of confusion. Regarding Parsons, he viewed society as a human body; he had an organic analogy. Just like body parts, institutions have their functions and boundaries. Furthermore, Parsons emphasized that value consensus is the basis for a society’s order. What is Conflict Theory?Conflict theory suggests that due to the competition for resources, the society is in a state of perpetual conflict. This was first proposed by Karl Marx, a German philosopher and sociologist. He specified the conflict between the people who have a majority of the resources and the poor or working class who are the majority of the people who only have a minority of the resources. The following are the four primary assumptions of conflict theory (Chappelow, 2020): Competition Members of the society constantly compete for both tangible and intangible resources. Rather than cooperation, competition is the default status of human interactions. Revolution Due to the conflict between social classes, revolutions arise. This paves way for radical changes instead of gradual evolutions. Structural Inequality Inequalities of power is inherent in the structure of societies and human relationships. This is characterized by the enjoyment of more power and resources of the privileged classes. Hence, the members of the upper class tend to work to maintain such structure. War Wars can either cleanse or unite societies; they can eliminate boundaries or eliminate a society altogether. Difference between Functionalism and Conflict TheoryProposition/DefinitionFunctionalism proposes that each individual contributes to the society’s overall performance and stability. In comparison, conflict theory suggests that due to the competition for resources, the society is in a state of perpetual conflict. Key Proponents and Their IdeasTwo of the key functionalist thinkers are Emile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons. Durkheim proposed that the society shapes the individual and social solidarity is essential while Parsons viewed society as a human body with his organic analogy. On the other hand, conflict theory was first proposed by Karl Marx who specified the conflict between the people who have a majority of the resources and the poor or working class, the majority of the people, who only have a minority of the resources. Primary AssumptionsThe primary assumptions of functionalism include: social stability, socialization, and social integration are fundamental in achieving a strong society; and social institutions have significant functions in preserving social stability. As for conflict theory, its primary functions include: individuals constantly compete; conflicts lead to revolutions; inequality is inherent in social structures; and wars can either unite or cleanse societies. Social ChangeFor functionalists, slow social change is preferred since rapid changes threaten social order. On the other hand, conflict theory sees radical change as key in actualizing an egalitarian society. Functionalism vs Conflict TheorySummary
Jean Brown is a Registered Psychologist, licensed professional teacher, and a freelance academic and creative writer. She has been teaching social science courses both in the undergrad and graduate levels. Jean has also been a research adviser and panel member in a number of psychology and special education paper presentations. Her certifications include TESOL (Tampa, Florida), Psychiatric Ward Practicum Certification, and Marker of Diploma Courses. Loading... Cite What is the difference between structural functionalism and conflict theory?Functionalism emphasizes the importance of social institutions for social stability and implies that far-reaching social change will be socially harmful. Conflict theory emphasizes social inequality and suggests that far-reaching social change is needed to achieve a just society.
What are the 3 main theories of sociology?These debates merit attention to those within the field, however, sociologists would generally state that the profession is primarily focused on three theoretical orientations. These three theoretical orientations are: Structural Functionalism, Symbolic Interactionism, and Conflict Perspective.
What is the similarities between structural functionalism and symbolic interactionism?Similarly, symbolic interactionism shares a theoretical similarity of dependency with functionalism because functionalism and interactionism assign society's interdependence on institutions and ascribed communication, respectively.
What are the similarities between conflict theory and symbolic interactionism?The similarities between Conflict Perspective and Symbolic Interactionist Perspective are they develop more and less powerful groups in a social interaction, where the more influential people have more control over others.
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What are the differences between structural functionalism conflict theory and symbolic interactionism?
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