Society the basics by John Macionis - Chapter 3 Sociology: Socialization (Class SOCI 101 - Eastern Washington) Terms in this set (67)socialization The lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture. personality a person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking and feeling Nature vs. Nurture Humans depend on others to provide care for physical growth and personality development. Nurture is our Nature Social Isolation Cutting people off from the social work is very harmful. For proper development we require social interaction. Long term isolation will result in permanent damage. Behaviorism Behavior is not instinctive, but learned - John Watson John B. Watson Quote (1878-1958) People everywhere are equally human - just different in cultural patterns. Sigmund Freud Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do). Freud's Elements of Personality • To the id, the world is a jumble of physical sensations that bring pleasure or pain. Sigmund Freud's theory that humans have two basic needs or Drives 1st, is the need for bonding called the "Life Instinct" or eros the Greek god of Love. id Latin for
"it" ego Latin for "I"
superego Latin for "above of beyond the ego" Sublimation The compromising of our selfish id drives into socially acceptable behavior. Jean Piaget Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development Studied human cognition, how people think and understand. He wondered not just what children knew but how they made sense of the world. Piaget went on to identify four stages of cognitive development. Cognition all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating The Sensorimotor Stage First stage of Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development. his term for the level of human development at which individuals experience the world only through their senses. First two years of life, infants know the world only by touching, tasting, smelling, looking, and lessening. The Preoperational Stage Second stage of Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development. His term for the level of human development at which individuals first use language and other symbols. Children enter this stage at age two. The began to think about the world using their imagination. The Concrete Operational Stage Third stage of Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development. His term for the level of human development at which individuals first see causal connection in their surroundings. Between ages of seven and eleven, children focus on how and why things happen. The Formal Operational Stage Fourth stage of Jean Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development. His term for the level of human development at which individuals think
abstractly and critically. Lawrence Kohlberg moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why? Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development His theory is similar to Piaget's theory, but he focuses on one aspect of cognition - Moral Reasoning. How people come to judge situations as right or wrong using three stages of development Moral Reasoning How people come to judge situation as right or wrong. Preconventional level of moral development. The first stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. At first "rightness" amounts to "what feels good to me" Conventional level of moral development. The second stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. Appears by the teenage years. As your people lose some of their selfishness as they learn to define right and wrong in terms of what pleases parents and conforms to cultural norms.
Postconventional level of moral development. The third and final stage of Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. People move beyond their society's norms to consider abstract ethical principles. As they think about ideas such as liberty, freedom, or Justice, they may argue that what is lawful still may not be right. Carol Gilligan moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse Carol Gilligan's Theory of Gender and Moral Development Her theory is similar to Piaget's theory, but she focuses on the link between gender and moral reasoning. She set out to compare the moral development of girls and boys and concluded that the two sexes use two different standards of rightness. Justice Perspective / Rule-Based Carols Gilliagan's idea of how Boys see rightness The relying of formal rules to define right and wrong. Care and Responsibility Perspective / Person-Based Carols Gilliagan's idea of how Girls see rightness Judging a situation with an eye toward personal relationships and loyalties. George Herbert Mead Primary concept of the self, the part of one's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image. Links self concept to role-taking. Three stages of self development: Preparatory stage, play stage, game stage. George Herbert Mead's Theory of the Social Self His theory of social behaviorism to explain how social experiences develops an individual's personality. His theory involves concepts in seeing the self as the product of social experience. His theories involve: The Self Mead's term for the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image 1st - The self develops only with social experience. The self is not part of the body and does not exist at birth. The self develops only as the individual interacts with others. Without interaction the body grows, but no self emerges. looking-glass self Charles Horton Cooley's coined this term for a self-image based on how we think others see us. Example: if we think others see us as clever, we will think of ourselves in the same way. But if we feel they think of us as clumsy, then that is how we will see ourselves. The I and the Me Mead's fourth point is that by taking the role of the other, we become self-aware. Another way of saying this is that the self has two parts. One part of the self operates as subject, being active and spontaneous, called the "I". The other part of the sale works as an object, the way we imagine others see us, the "Me".
Imitation The 1st stage in Mead's Theory on how we Develop the Self. First Stage: Play The 2nd stage in Mead's Theory on how we Develop the Self. Second Stage: Significant Others people, such as parents, who have special importance for socialization. Third Stage: Games The 3rd stage in Mead's
Theory on how we Develop the Self. Final Stage: Generalized Others The Final stage in Mead's Theory on how we Develop the Self. generalized other Mead's term for widespread cultural norms and values we use as a reference in evaluating ourselves Erik H. Erikson student and follower of Freud; theorist who studied psychosocial development across the lifespan and proposed eight stages of development Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development Some point to childhood as the curtail time when personality takes shape. He took a broader view of socialization. He explained that we face challenges throughout the life course in eight stages. Stage 1: Infancy Stage 1 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development The challenge of trust vs. mistrust Stage 2: Toddlerhood Stage 2 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development The calling of autonomy vs. doubt and shame. Stage 3: Preschool Stage 3 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development The calling of initiative vs guilt. Stage 4: Preadolescence Stage 4 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development the challenge of industriousness vs inferiority. Stage 5: Adolescence Stage 5 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development The challenge of gaining identity vs confusion. Stage 6: Young Adulthood Stage 6 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development The challenge of intimacy vs isolation. Stage 7: Middle Adulthood Stage 7 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development The challenge of making a difference vs self-adsorption. Stage 8: Old Age Stage 8 in Erik H. Erikson's Eight Stages of Development The challenge of integrity vs despair. Agents of Socialization Several similar settings have special importance to the socialization process. Among them are the family, the school, the peer group, and the mass media. Socialization Agent: Family • Perhaps the most important socializing agent. Cultural Capital The ability to take part in leisure activities, including sports, vacation travel, and music lessons. School • Interaction with people who are different from you. Hidden curriculum in School What they learn in school goes beyond the formally planned lessons. Peer Group a special group whose
members have interests, social positions, and age in common Anticipatory Socialization learning
that helps a person achieve a desired position. Mass Media The means for delivering impersonal communications to a vast audience. Other Spheres of Influence • Religion The Life Course • Childhood gerontology the study of aging and the elderly gerontocracy a form of social organization in which the elderly have the most wealth, power, and prestige ageism prejudice and discrimination against older people cohort a category of people with something in common, usually their age Total Institution A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and controlled by an administrative staff Resocialization Radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling the environment Sets found in the same folderSociology Chapter 2 - Culture40 terms allmac Sociology Chapter 4 - Social Interaction…31 terms allmac Sociology Chapter 1 - Perspective, Theor…60 terms allmac Sociology Chapter 5 - Groups and Organiz…79 terms allmac Other sets by this creatorGrammar Cards Set 1 (#1-5)5 terms allmac ASL Rules27 terms allmac ASL Vocabulary - Chapter 1 - 8365 terms allmac ASL Vocabulary - Chapter 852 terms allmac Verified questions
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Who said that socialization happens in different stages of our minds development from infancy to adolescence to adulthood?Piaget and Cognitive Development
Piaget (1954) thought that cognitive development occurs through four stages and that proper maturation of the brain and socialization were necessary for adequate development.
What is cognitive development according to Jean Piaget?To Piaget, cognitive development was a progressive reorganization of mental processes as a result of biological maturation and environmental experience. Children construct an understanding of the world around them, then experience discrepancies between what they already know and what they discover in their environment.
What does moral development teach us about socialization?Moral development is an important part of the socialization process. The term refers to the way people learn what society considered to be "good" and "bad," which is important for a smoothly functioning society.
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The theory refers to a socialization that may occur between infancy to adolescence
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