Which statement below most accurately reflects the relationship between alcohol and aggression quizlet?

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Intro begins with a description of citizen heroes in 9/11 that refused to flee because there was still people to be rescued. Their behavior would be described as _____________?

altruism

Which of the following is the best example of altruistic behavior?

a. Mary helps her husband with the dishes with the hope that he will cook dinner more often
b. Robert volunteers at his son's school to help out his class
c. Jawal anonymously donates $100 to a homeless shelter
d. Julie puts a dollar in the church collection basket because everyone else donates

C

Charles Darwin, an evolutionary theorist, found it difficult to explain altruism. From an evolutionary perspective, it would initially seem that over centuries and generations, altruistic behaviors would ________ because ________.

a. increase; more unfit offspring might survive
b. disappear; self-sacrifice would produce fewer offspring
c. disappear; only the fittest, most selfless offspring would survive
d. remain unchanged; the gene pool would become more variable

B

Evolutionary psychologists would have the most trouble explaining which of the following incidents?

a. Samuel risks his life to save his nephew in a car accident.
b. Jane runs in to save her adopted daughter from a fire.
c. When Alphonso was put in the unfortunate situation of saving his wife or his son in a boating accident, he chose to save his son first, and his wife died.
d. When Larry was on a ship going down at sea, he let everyone else be saved ahead of him, even though everyone on the ship was a complete stranger to him.

D

Some evolutionary psychologists argue that in our distant past, those who selfishly pursued their own individual interests would be less likely to survive to pass on their genes. This argument lies at the heart of _______ as a source of altruistic behaviour.

a. The ability to learn social norms
b. Kin selection
c. Social exchange
d. Normative social influence
e. The reciprocity norm

E

In a group setting, one member could take advantage of the help that he/she receives from the other group members, thereby exploiting the reciprocity norm to his/her advantage. Some researchers believe that, instead, ________ evolved.

a. gratitude
b. diffusion of responsibility
c. bystander effect
d. volunteering

A

Your text offers several challenges that evolutionary psychology has not been able to address. Which of the following would also challenge evolutionary rationales for helping behavior?

a. Mario calls an ambulance to help his elderly mother, who is dying.
b. Susan runs out into a busy freeway to save a wounded animal.
c. Henry saves his daughter before he saves his sister from a flooded basement.
d. Sarah helps her biological daughter before helping her step-son escape a fire.

B

The main tenet of social exchange theory is that we will help others when

a. the rewards outweigh the costs.
b. the rewards are high.
c. the costs are low.
d. they have already helped us.

A

Social exchange theory would have the most trouble explaining which of the following helping situations?

a. Anna visits people with AIDS as a requirement of her health psychology course.
b. Theo calmly walks into heavy traffic to rescue a stranger who collapsed in the crosswalk.
c. On the way home from work, David drops off some notes for a classmate.
d. A wealthy businesswoman makes a hefty donation to her congressman.

B

According to social exchange theory, which of the following people is most likely to give money to a homeless person?

a) Kate, who has a genetic predisposition for helping people
b) Bill, who wants to impress his date by helping the homeless person
c) Erin, who feels empathy for the homeless person
d) Jack, who is related to the homeless person

B

According to Batson's empathy-altruism theory, which of the following people is most likely to give money to a homeless person?

a. Erin, who feels empathy for the homeless person
b. Both Erin and Bill
c. Bill, who wants to impress his date by helping the homeless person
d. Jack, who is related to the homeless person

B

The authors of your text tell a story about Abraham Lincoln in which Lincoln ordered a coach to stop so he could save some piglets from drowning. Lincoln claimed that he helped because "I should have had no peace of mind all day had I gone on and left that suffering old sow worrying over those pigs." Lincoln argued that he was helping because of

a. altruism.
b. self-interest.
c. social exchange concerns.
d. the reciprocity norm.

B

In support for the empathy-altruism hypothesis, researchers (Toi & Batson, 1982) found that participants were most likely to help a student named Carol who was injured in an automobile accident when they were told

a. to try to imagine how Carol felt about what happened to her and how it changed her life.
b. to be objective, and not to focus on how Carol felt.
c. that they would see Carol every week in class.
d. that they would never come face to face with Carol.

A

Recall that participants in an experiment described in the text (Toi & Batson, 1982) listened to an (alleged) radio interview in which a student in their introductory psychology class described an accident that caused her to fall behind in the course. Some participants were told that Carol would soon be returning to their class. According to the research, why is this referred to as a "high cost" condition?

a. Carol was still in a wheelchair, and it would be hard for her to get to class.
b. Every time participants saw her, they would feel guilty if they didn't help her.
c. Participants would have to go out of their way to copy their notes for Carol.
d. Every time participants saw her, they would be able to empathize with her.

B

Recall that participants in an experiment described in the text (Toi & Batson, 1982) listened to an (alleged) radio interview in which a student in their introductory psychology class described an accident that caused her to fall behind in the course. Some participants were encouraged to empathize with "Carol," whereas others were encouraged to listen objectively to the interview. Some participants in each of these two groups were led to believe that Carol would be returning to their psychology course; others were led to believe that she would finish out the term at home, and that they would never see her again. These researchers found that when participants ________, their decision to help was guided by ________.

a. empathized with Carol; social exchange concerns
b. listened objectively; their own personal experiences
c. empathized with Carol; their own personal experiences
d. did not empathize with Carol; social exchange concerns

D

According to research by Batson and his colleagues, when empathy is ________, people ________.

a. low; will help when the costs of not helping are high
b. high; will help no matter what the costs
c. high; will pay attention to social exchange factors
d. low; only help when the costs of not helping are high

B

Why are many biologists skeptical about the concept of group selection?

a. Classic evolutionary theory proposes that the processes of natural selection operate only at the individual, not the group level.
b. Humans have not lived in groups for very long in their evolutionary history.
c. Evolutionary theory does not have any interesting in examining the concept of altruism.
d. Evolutionary theory believes it does an adequate job of explaining altruism with concepts such as rewards and costs.

A

The text discusses a cultural value, simpatía, prominent in Spanish-speaking countries. Although simpatía has no direct English translation, it generally refers to

a. being sympathetic.
b. being friendly, polite, and helpful.
c. acting in a paternalistic fashion.
d. being similar in temperament to others around you.

B

According to research on the impact of religion on helping behavior, if Dr. Hinford, a devoutly religious man, makes a donation to a children's charity, he is most likely to do it

a. by leaving cash at the charity office.
b. for a children's charity that is religious.
c. at a press conference.
d. to get his name on a plaque at the hospital.

B

Research on mood and helping found that people were ________ likely to help ________ they attended confession.

a. more; after
b. more; before
c. less; before
d. equally; before and after

B

Researchers found that churchgoers were more likely to donate to charity before they attended confession than after, presumably because the act of confession

a. reduced their guilt.
b. enhanced their self-esteem.
c. reduced their self-esteem.
d. made them feel guilty.

A

Which of the following emotions is NOT associated with promoting helping behavior, according to research on feeling bad and doing good?

a. sadness
b. distress
c. anger
d. guilt

C

Researchers staged an incident in which a man fell down with a cry of pain and raised his pant leg to reveal a bloody injury. The staged scene was repeated in both rural and urban areas. When Amato counted the number of passersby who stopped to help the man, he found that

a. no matter where the staged incident occurred, people from small towns helped more.
b. people in small towns helped more than people in urban areas.
c. because the man was a stranger, people in rural areas helped less.
d. women in rural areas helped more than men, but in urban areas there was no gender difference.

B

Some have speculated that people in rural areas are more likely to help than are people in urban areas because "trust" and "being neighborly" are more valued in rural than in urban settings. Were this true, who would be most likely to help a stranger who needed assistance?

(a. Carla, who has lived her whole life in Chicago
b. Jeanie, who moved from New York to a small town in Iowa
c. Tammie, who is visiting Chicago from a small town in Vermont
d. Connie, who never spent more than two years in any one place

C

According to the urban overload hypothesis, people in cities should be less likely to help than people in small towns because

a. people in small towns have grown up with more trusting attitudes.
b. people who live in cities are more likely to experience diffusion of responsibility.
c. people in small towns tend to be more religious.
d. people living in cities tend to keep to themselves.

D

If the urban overload hypothesis (Milgram, 1970) is true, ________ to help a fallen pedestrian on the streets of New York City because ________.

a. Harold would be likely; he was born and reared in a small town
b. Alicia would be likely; urban areas are stressful and put people in bad moods
c. Roberto would not be likely; he was socialized with urban values
d. Ellen would not be likely; she tries to keep to herself amid all the stimulation

D

According to most social psychologists, aggression is defined as

a. the intention to cause harm to or pain in another.
b. the infliction of harm or pain on another.
c. the intention to relieve frustration by harming another.
d. any action that results in physical or psychological pain in another

A

According to the social-psychological definition of "aggression," which of the behaviors below is the best example of aggression?

a. Donald is not paying attention and runs over the neighbor's bicycle as he backs out of the driveway.
b. Amanda asserts herself with her boss and makes a spirited argument for a raise.
c. A child throws a temper tantrum and tries to hit his father.
d. One basketball player fouls another when he is trying to shoot

C

Which of the following is the best example of hostile aggression?

a. Bernie is angry at his mother and screams at her, "I hate you!"
b. Angela threatens her younger brother to force him to give up a toy that belongs to her.
c. A lineman sacks a quarterback to put him out of the game.
d. An angry driver loses control and runs his car into a ditch.

A

________ aggression is an act that stems from feelings of anger, and that is aimed at inflicting pain.

a. Misplaced
b. Hostile
c. Instrumental
d. Malicious

B

________ aggression is an act in the service of a goal that does not involve the infliction of pain.

a. Misplaced
b. Hostile
c. Instrumental
d. Oblique

C

Hostile aggression differs from instrumental aggression in that instrumental aggression

a. often follows from anger or frustration.
b. is more destructive than hostile aggression.
c. is more likely to result in retaliation.
d. involves inflicting pain as a means to an end

D

Which of the following is the best example of instrumental aggression?

a. Scott has a quick temper and gets into fights at parties.
b. An assassin kills a leader to ensure the success of a coup.
c. Angry at her boyfriend, Liz destroys his stereo.
d. Karin runs over her neighbor's cat.

B

Which of the following is an example of hostile rather than of instrumental aggression?

a. A farmer kills a pig for an Easter ham.
b. A teenager throws eggs at a homeless person.
c. A woman uses a fly swatter to kill a fly.
d. A soldier kills an enemy at war.

B

The goal of ________ aggression is to inflict pain; the goal of ________ aggression is to achieve some other outcome.

a. hostile; instrumental
b. hostile; functional
c. functional; instrumental
d. biological; evolutionary

A

According to the authors of your text, the same act may be considered aggression or not depending on whether

a. physical harm was actually done.
b. physical or psychological harm was done.
c. physical or psychological harm was intended.
d. the act was due to anger or was a means to an end

C

According to evolutionary theory, some psychologists argue that men are programmed to be aggressive. What is their explanation for this claim?

a. Men are stronger than women, thus more aggressive.
b. Men are socialized to be more aggressive.
c. Aggression may help men perpetuate their genes.
d. Acts of aggression and violence are attractive to many women.

C

Based on information presented in your text, what are the two evolutionary reasons why males are aggressive?

a. dominance and jealousy
b. hostility and instrumentality
c. jealousy and hostility
d. dominance and instrumentality

A

Researchers have found that testosterone levels are significantly higher in men ________, suggesting a ________ contribution to aggression in humans.

a. from abusive homes; biological
b. convicted of violent crimes; biological
c. from lower socioeconomic backgrounds; social
d. convicted of property crimes; biological

B

Evolutionary explanations for behavior are controversial for several reasons. Nonetheless, how true are the evolutionary explanations for aggression?

a. Experiments have been conducted, so they are proven facts.
b. The theory has been supported by substantial experimental research.
c. All the research is correlational, so they are speculations.
d. There is no data to support evolutionary explanations, so they have been disproven.

C

Biologist Zing Yang Kuo (1961) demonstrated that a cat that had been raised from birth with a rat in the same cage would attack neither that specific rat nor other rats. This research suggests that

a. conflict over scarce resources contributes to aggression.
b. aggression is a learned response.
c. aggressive behavior is not instinctive.
d. aggressive instincts can be modified through experience.

D

A researcher (Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1963) raised rats in isolation. When other rats were finally introduced into their cages, rats raised alone ________, suggesting that ________.

a. could not defend themselves; aggression is learned
b. used the same aggressive behaviors as other rats; aggression need not be learned
c. did not aggress against them; instrumental aggression does not exist in nonhumans
d. fled from the new rats; aggression must be learned

B

During the seventeenth century, when European fur traders arrived, the Iroquois changed from a peace-loving tribe to fierce enemies of their neighbors, the Hurons. This suggests that

a. there are consistent cultural norms driving the expression of aggression.
b. tribal inbreeding selects for aggressive behaviors.
c. economic and social competition can elicit aggression.
d. aggression is affected by innate propensities and learned inhibitory responses.

C

Bushman and his colleagues (2007) found that the more respected a person or institution is, the greater their influence as a role model for aggression. They found this effect holds for

a. men but not women.
b. northerners and southerners.
c. nonreligious and religious people.
d. athletes and non-athletes.

C

Which statement below most accurately reflects the relationship between alcohol and aggression?

a. Alcohol makes all people more aggressive.
b. People who are prone to violence are most likely to be high alcohol consumers.
c. Alcohol interferes with our ability to attribute ambiguous behavior to situations.
d. Alcohol will not make violence-prone people more likely to aggress if they are in a situation where violence is condemned.

C

Well-controlled laboratory experiments and field studies (e.g., McDonald, Zanna, & Fong, 1996) have revealed that alcohol consumption contributes to aggression by

a. increasing testosterone.
b. reducing social inhibitions and restraints.
c. increasing hostility.
d. decreasing frustration tolerance.

B

Desdemona is having a bad day. As she runs to answer the phone, she bangs her knee on the coffee table. Cursing and limping, Desdemona grabs the phone and is rude to the person at the other end of the line. This is an example of

a. hostile aggression caused by pain.
b. instrumental aggression caused by pain.
c. a biochemical cause of hostile aggression.
d. the neural basis of aggression.

A

________ refers to the tendency to aggress when we perceive that our progress is thwarted.

a. Frustration-aggression theory
b. The catharsis hypothesis
c. The hydraulic model
d. The displacement effect

A

Kristi has been very frustrated in her search for the perfect apartment that costs next to nothing. According to frustration-aggression theory, what would most likely increase the likelihood that Kristi's frustration will lead to aggressive behavior?

a. Kristi finally admits that her expectations were unrealistic.
b. Kristi realizes that the Apartment Finders are doing the best they can.
c. The perfect apartment burned down the day after she put down a deposit.
d. The delay is frustrating, but not unexpected; students are already back in town

C

In a classic experiment (Barker, Dembo, & Lewin, 1941) researchers prevented children from playing with attractive toys. Once the children gained access to the toys, they behaved destructively, smashing the toys and throwing them against the wall. These results demonstrate the power of ________ to increase aggression.

a. absolute deprivation
b. frustration
c. social learning
d. aggressive stimuli

B

In which of the following situations is frustration LEAST likely to result in aggression?

a. Your friend sprained her ankle, and cannot help you move, as promised.
b. A telemarketer interrupts your dinner to sell you a magazine subscription.
c. A woman grabs you and says "Hey, slow down," as you rush to catch your train.
d. The parking lot is full, and a driver pulls around you to take the parking place for which you've been waiting.

A

Which statement most accurately reflects the relationship between alcohol and aggression?

What is the relationship between alcohol and aggression quizlet?

Which of the following statements most accurately represents the factors that encourage social loafing among groups instead of social facilitation effects?

How do norms differ from roles quizlet?