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Cartilage is a​ smooth, rubber-like padding that protects the long bones in the body at the joints. A study by Lu et. al. in Arthritis Care​ & Research found that women who drank one glass of milk daily had​ 32% thicker, healthier cartilage than women who did not. Researchers obtained information on milk consumption through questionnaires and measured cartilage through​ x-rays. In the​ article, research​ concluded, "Our study suggested that frequent milk intake may be associated with reduced OA progression in​ women." Does this study show drinking milk causes increased cartilage​ production? Why or why​ not?
Choose the correct answer below.
A.
The study is a controlled​ experiment, because there is no mention of random assignment.​ No, we cannot conclude causation when there is not random assignment.
B.
The study is a controlled​ experiment, because there is mention of random assignment.​Yes, assuming that the results are​ significant, it would be reasonable to conclude causation because there is random assignment.
C.
The study is an observational​ study, because there is no mention of random assignment.​ No, we cannot conclude causation when there is not random assignment.
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The study is an observational​ study, because there is mention of random assignment.​Yes, assuming that the results are​ significant, it would be reasonable to conclude causation because there is random assignment.

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What is a confound variable quizlet?

A confounding variable is an explanatory variable that was considered in a study whose effect cannot be distinguished from a second explanatory variable in the study.

Which of the following best describes a confounding variable?

The correct answer is c) A variable that affects the outcome being measured as well as, or instead of, the independent variable. This is correct because a confounding variable is an unforeseen and unaccounted-for variable that jeopardizes reliability and validity of an experiment's outcome.

What is a confound in an experimental study quizlet?

What is a "confound" in an experimental study? an extra variable that could explain result differences between groups.

Which of the following is the most effective method for controlling confounding variables is which of the following?

Randomization—the most effective method because it controls all possible confounding variables without researchers having to identify them.