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Advantages: Routes are easy and comfortable to administer, convenient, economical; may produce local or systemic effects; and rarely cause anxiety for patient.
Disadvantages: Routes are avoided when patient has alterations in GI function (e.g., nausea and vomiting), with reduced GI motility (after general anesthesia or bowel inflammation), and with surgical resection of portion of GI tract.
Gastric secretions destroy some medications. Oral administration is contraindicated in patients who are NPO and unable to swallow (e.g., patients with neuromuscular disorders, esophageal strictures, and mouth lesions).
Do not give oral medications when patient has gastric suction or before certain diagnostic tests or surgery.
An unconscious or confused patient is unable or unwilling to swallow or hold sublingual medication under tongue or buccal medication in cheek.
Oral medications sometimes irritate lining of GI tract, discolor teeth, or have an unpleasant taste.