Entry into force: 3 May 2008, in accordance with article 45(1). Show
Preamble(a) Recalling the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations which recognize the inherent dignity and worth and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family as the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world, (b) Recognizing that the United Nations, in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the International Covenants on Human Rights, has proclaimed and agreed that everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth therein, without distinction of any kind, (c) Reaffirming the universality, indivisibility, interdependence and interrelatedness of all human rights and fundamental freedoms and the need for persons with disabilities to be guaranteed their full enjoyment without discrimination, (d) Recalling the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families, (e) Recognizing that disability is an evolving concept and that disability results from the interaction between persons with impairments and attitudinal and environmental barriers that hinders their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others, (f) Recognizing the importance of the principles and policy guidelines contained in the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons and in the Standard Rules on the Equalization of Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities in influencing the promotion, formulation and evaluation of the policies, plans, programmes and actions at the national, regional and international levels to further equalize opportunities for persons with disabilities, (g) Emphasizing the importance of mainstreaming disability issues as an integral part of relevant strategies of sustainable development, (h) Recognizing also that discrimination against any person on the basis of disability is a violation of the inherent dignity and worth of the human person, (i) Recognizing further the diversity of persons with disabilities, (j) Recognizing the need to promote and protect the human rights of all persons with disabilities, including those who require more intensive support, (k) Concerned that, despite these various instruments and undertakings, persons with disabilities continue to face barriers in their participation as equal members of society and violations of their human rights in all parts of the world, (l) Recognizing the importance of international cooperation for improving the living conditions of persons with disabilities in every country, particularly in developing countries, (m) Recognizing the valued existing and potential contributions made by persons with disabilities to the overall well-being and diversity of their communities, and that the promotion of the full enjoyment by persons with disabilities of their human rights and fundamental freedoms and of full participation by persons with disabilities will result in their enhanced sense of belonging and in significant advances in the human, social and economic development of society and the eradication of poverty, (n) Recognizing the importance for persons with disabilities of their individual autonomy and independence, including the freedom to make their own choices, (o) Considering that persons with disabilities should have the opportunity to be actively involved in decision-making processes about policies and programmes, including those directly concerning them, (p) Concerned about the difficult conditions faced by persons with disabilities who are subject to multiple or aggravated forms of discrimination on the basis of race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic, indigenous or social origin, property, birth, age or other status, (q) Recognizing that women and girls with disabilities are often at greater risk, both within and outside the home, of violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, (r) Recognizing that children with disabilities should have full enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms on an equal basis with other children, and recalling obligations to that end undertaken by States Parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, (s) Emphasizing the need to incorporate a gender perspective in all efforts to promote the full enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms by persons with disabilities, (t) Highlighting the fact that the majority of persons with disabilities live in conditions of poverty, and in this regard recognizing the critical need to address the negative impact of poverty on persons with disabilities, (u) Bearing in mind that conditions of peace and security based on full respect for the purposes and principles contained in the Charter of the United Nations and observance of applicable human rights instruments are indispensable for the full protection of persons with disabilities, in particular during armed conflicts and foreign occupation, (v) Recognizing the importance of accessibility to the physical, social, economic and cultural environment, to health and education and to information and communication, in enabling persons with disabilities to fully enjoy all human rights and fundamental freedoms, (w) Realizing that the individual, having duties to other individuals and to the community to which he or she belongs, is under a responsibility to strive for the promotion and observance of the rights recognized in the International Bill of Human Rights, (x) Convinced that the family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and the State, and that persons with disabilities and their family members should receive the necessary protection and assistance to enable families to contribute towards the full and equal enjoyment of the rights of persons with disabilities, (y) Convinced that a comprehensive and integral international convention to promote and protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities will make a significant contribution to redressing the profound social disadvantage of persons with disabilities and promote their participation in the civil, political, economic, social and cultural spheres with equal opportunities, in both developing and developed countries, Have agreed as follows : Article 1 - PurposeThe purpose of the present Convention is to promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities, and to promote respect for their inherent dignity. Persons with disabilities include those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others. Article 2 - DefinitionsFor the purposes of the present Convention: "Communication" includes languages, display of text, Braille, tactile communication, large print, accessible multimedia as well as written, audio, plain-language, human-reader and augmentative and alternative modes, means and formats of communication, including accessible information and communication technology; "Language" includes spoken and signed languages and other forms of non-spoken languages; "Discrimination on the basis of disability" means any distinction, exclusion or restriction on the basis of disability which has the purpose or effect of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal basis with others, of all human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. It includes all forms of discrimination, including denial of reasonable accommodation; "Reasonable accommodation" means necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case, to ensure to persons with disabilities the enjoyment or exercise on an equal basis with others of all human rights and fundamental freedoms; "Universal design" means the design of products, environments, programmes and services to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design. "Universal design" shall not exclude assistive devices for particular groups of persons with disabilities where this is needed. Article 3 - General principlesThe principles of the present Convention shall be:
Article 4 - General obligations
Article 5 - Equality and non-discrimination
Article 6 - Women with disabilities
Article 7 - Children with disabilities
Article 8 - Awareness-raising
Article 9 - Accessibility
Article 10 - Right to lifeStates Parties reaffirm that every human being has the inherent right to life and shall take all necessary measures to ensure its effective enjoyment by persons with disabilities on an equal basis with others. Article 11 - Situations of risk and humanitarian emergenciesStates Parties shall take, in accordance with their obligations under international law, including international humanitarian law and international human rights law, all necessary measures to ensure the protection and safety of persons with disabilities in situations of risk, including situations of armed conflict, humanitarian emergencies and the occurrence of natural disasters. Article 12 - Equal recognition before the law
Article 13 - Access to justice
Article 14 - Liberty and security of the person
Article 15 - Freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
Article 16 - Freedom from exploitation, violence and abuse
Article 17 - Protecting the integrity of the personEvery person with disabilities has a right to respect for his or her physical and mental integrity on an equal basis with others. Article 18 - Liberty of movement and nationality
Article 19 - Living independently and being included in the communityStates Parties to this Convention recognize the equal right of all persons with disabilities to live in the community, with choices equal to others, and shall take effective and appropriate measures to facilitate full enjoyment by persons with disabilities of this right and their full inclusion and participation in the community, including by ensuring that:
Article 20 Personal mobilityStates Parties shall take effective measures to ensure personal mobility with the greatest possible independence for persons with disabilities, including by:
Article 21 - Freedom of expression and opinion, and access to informationStates Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure that persons with disabilities can exercise the right to freedom of expression and opinion, including the freedom to seek, receive and impart information and ideas on an equal basis with others and through all forms of communication of their choice, as defined in article 2 of the present Convention, including by:
Article 22 - Respect for privacy
Article 23 - Respect for home and the family
Article 24 - Education
Article 25 - HealthStates Parties recognize that persons with disabilities have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination on the basis of disability. States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to ensure access for persons with disabilities to health services that are gender-sensitive, including health-related rehabilitation. In particular, States Parties shall:
Article 26 - Habilitation and rehabilitation
Article 27 - Work and employment
Article 28 - Adequate standard of living and social protection
Article 29 - Participation in political and public lifeStates Parties shall guarantee to persons with disabilities political rights and the opportunity to enjoy them on an equal basis with others, and shall undertake to:
Article 30 - Participation in cultural life, recreation, leisure and sport
Article 31 - Statistics and data collection
Article 32 - International cooperation
Article 33 - National implementation and monitoring
Article 34 - Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
Article 35 - Reports by States Parties
Article 36 - Consideration of reports
Article 37 - Cooperation between States Parties and the Committee
Article 38 - Relationship of the Committee with other bodiesIn order to foster the effective implementation of the present Convention and to encourage international cooperation in the field covered by the present Convention:
Article 39 - Report of the CommitteeThe Committee shall report every two years to the General Assembly and to the Economic and Social Council on its activities, and may make suggestions and general recommendations based on the examination of reports and information received from the States Parties. Such suggestions and general recommendations shall be included in the report of the Committee together with comments, if any, from States Parties. Article 40 - Conference of States Parties
Article 41 - DepositaryThe Secretary-General of the United Nations shall be the depositary of the present Convention. Article 42 - SignatureThe present Convention shall be open for signature by all States and by regional integration organizations at United Nations Headquarters in New York as of 30 March 2007. Article 43 - Consent to be boundThe present Convention shall be subject to ratification by signatory States and to formal confirmation by signatory regional integration organizations. It shall be open for accession by any State or regional integration organization which has not signed the Convention. Article 44 - Regional integration organizations
Article 45 - Entry into force
Article 46 - Reservations
Article 47 - Amendments
Article 48 - DenunciationA State Party may denounce the present Convention by written notification to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The denunciation shall become effective one year after the date of receipt of the notification by the Secretary-General. Article 49 - Accessible formatThe text of the present Convention shall be made available in accessible formats. Article 50 - Authentic textsThe Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish texts of the present Convention shall be equally authentic. In witness thereof the undersigned plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized thereto by their respective Governments, have signed the present Convention. What is an insurance distribution system?Distribution System — the method by which an insurance company reaches its insureds—that is, as direct writer, wholesaler, agency system, or broker market.
When a firm is selecting a distribution channel which one of the following is an important consideration with regard to its operations?The selection of a distribution channel depends on several factors: the market, the product, the producer, and the competition. 1. “Market factor -The most important consideration in choosing a distribution channel is that market segment the producer wants to reach.
Which one of the following premium collection methods is used in the majority of personal insurance sales?In the majority of personal insurance sales, the direct bill process is used for premium collection.
Which of the following best describes the elements of authority and control in an agency relationship?The agent has authority to act for the principal; the principal has control over the agent's actions on the principal's behalf. Which one of the following best describes the elements of authority and control in an agency relationship? Applicable coverages and limits.
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