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Sociology in Our Times (quiz, understand, analyze, and textbook chapter review)
Terms in this set (65)
_______ is/are defined as a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events.
Theory
_______ is the belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out.
Social Darwinism
_______ refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males.
Sex
Personal troubles are solved at the individual level and within one's own immediate social settings. Which of the following would be an example of an individual solution to student credit card debt?
Getting a second job to clear debt
According to feminists, we live in a(n) _____, a system in which men dominate women and in which things that are considered to be "male" or "masculine" are more highly valued than those considered to be "female" or "feminine."
Patriarchy
Who referred to consumption as the "see-want-borrow-buy" process?
Juliet Schor
The theory that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces was developed by:
Karl Marx
The world's __________ countries are primarily agrarian nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.
Low-Income
A __________ analysis focuses on small groups rather than large-scale social structures.
Microlevel
The world's _____ countries are nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income.
Middle-Income
The concept of _____ refers to the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with the sex differences, which are referred to as femininity and masculinity.
Gender
The first department of sociology in the United States was established at __________, where the faculty was instrumental in starting the American Sociological Society (now known as the American Sociological Association).
the University of Chicago
From Marx's viewpoint, the __________ is composed of those who must sell their labor because they have no other means to earn a livelihood.
Proletariat
David is employed by one of the state senators. The senator has asked David to determine the age groups in the constituency that are most likely to vote in the upcoming election. David is most likely to contact a(n) __________ to acquire this information.
Political Scientist
Many of the nations of Africa and Asia, particularly India and the People's Republic of China where people typically work the land, are examples of __________ countries.
Low-Income
The example of a college student using credit cards to finance vacations and eat out is an illustration of what type of society?
Consumer Society
According to Max Weber, __________ is the ability of a person within a social relationship to carry out his or her own will despite resistance from others.
Power
Chicago School sociologist __________ is credited with the founding of Hull House, one of the most famous settlement houses in an impoverished area of Chicago.
Jane Addams
One of the earliest sociologists to pay close attention to status of women was:
Harriet Martineau
A __________ is anything that meaningfully represents something else. Examples include signs, gestures, written language, and shared values.
Symbol
Sociology is defined as the_____
systematic study of human society and social interaction
An awareness that there is a connection between losing your job and the high unemployment rate where you live is an example of ______
the sociological imagination
Many of the nations of Africa and Asia, particularly India and the People's Republic of China where people typically work the land, are examples of __________ countries.
low-income
Interest in the systematic study of people's behavior and ideas took hold during the nineteenth century in response to ______
industrialization and urbanization
French philosopher __________ is credited with having coined the term sociology to describe a new science that would engage in the study of society.
Auguste Comte
According to Karl Marx, the most important social changes are _______
economic
Max Weber stressed that sociologists should employ _____ to gain the ability to see the world as others see it.
verstehen
A set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events is known as ______
a theory
The _____ perspective is based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system.
functionalist
The symbolic interactionist perspective focuses on ______
social dynamics
Kevin works hard as a banker. He makes a good living and has a nice house and car. He believes that everyone should have to pay for his or her own higher education, and if that can't be done, the person shouldn't be able to earn a diploma. Which theory aligns with Kevin's views on inequality due to capitalism?
Conflict
According to the following graph, in March of 2006, those surveyed were split almost evenly between rating personal finances as good or rating them as poor. However, in 2008, many banks failed as part of a loan crisis, and responses changed. Based on the data on the graph, how would a conflict theorist explain these changes?
The forces of capitalism act to reward the rich and maintain their growth even amid a crisis.
Which theoretical perspective would examine the meaning of the image of smoking a cigarette and its effects on society?
Symbolic Interactionism
Which of the following would be an example of a latent function of attending a university?
learning how to behave on a date
According to the following research report, changes have occurred in marital status between 1960 and 2010. Based on these changes, which of the following is a likely conclusion?
It has become more socially acceptable to remain unmarried longer
What is sociology, and how can it contribute to our understanding of social life?
Sociology is the systematic study of human society and social interaction. We study sociology to understand how human behavior is shaped by group life and, in turn, how group life is affected by individuals. Our culture tends to emphasize individualism, and sociology pushes us to consider more-complex connections between our personal lives and the larger world.
What is meant by the sociological imagination, and how can it be used?
The sociological imagination helps us understand how seemingly personal troubles, such as debt or unemployment, are actually related to larger social forces. It is the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.
How can we develop a global sociological imagination?
We must reach beyond past studies that have focused primarily on the United States to develop a more comprehensive global approach for the future. It is important to have a global sociological imagination because the future of this nation is deeply intertwined with the future of all nations of the world on economic, political, and humanitarian levels.
What was the historical context in which sociological thinking developed?
The origins of sociological thinking as we know it today can be traced to the beginnings of industrialization and urbanization, trends that increased rapidly in the late eighteenth century and attracted the attention of social thinkers.
Why were many early social thinkers concerned with social order and stability?
Early social thinkers—such as Auguste Comte, Harriet Martineau, Herbert Spencer, and Emile Durkheim—were interested in analyzing social order and stability because they were concerned about the future of the nations in which they lived. Order and stability seemed functional for everyone's well-being in a rapidly changing world, and as such, many of these early sociologists' ideas had a dramatic influence on consensus and order perspectives in contemporary sociology. Auguste Comte coined the term sociology to describe a new science that would engage in the study of society. Comte's works were made more accessible for a wide variety of scholars through the efforts of the British sociologist Harriet Martineau. Herbert Spencer's major contribution to sociology was an evolutionary perspective on social order and social change. Durkheim argued that societies are built on social facts, that rapid social change produces strains in society, and that the loss of shared values and purpose can lead to a condition of anomie.
Why were many later social thinkers concerned with social change?
In sharp contrast to Durkheim's focus on the stability of society, German economist and philosopher Karl Marx stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces. He believed that conflict—especially class conflict—is necessary in order to produce social change and a better society. Although he disagreed with Marx's idea that economics is the central force in social change, German social scientist Max Weber acknowledged that economic interests are important in shaping human action.
How did industrialization and urbanization influence theorists such as Weber and Simmel?
Weber was concerned about the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution and the influences these changes had on human behavior. In particular, Weber was concerned that large-scale organizations were becoming increasingly oriented toward routine administration and a specialized division of labor, which he believed were destructive to human vitality and freedom. Whereas other sociologists primarily focused on society as a whole, Simmel explored small social groups and social life in urban areas, arguing that society is best seen as a web of patterned interactions among people.
What are key differences in contemporary functionalist and conflict perspectives on social life?
Functionalist perspectives assume that society is a stable, orderly system characterized by societal consensus. Conflict perspectives argue that society is a continuous power struggle among competing groups, often based on class, race, ethnicity, or gender.
What are key differences in contemporary symbolic interactionism and postmodernist perspectives on social life?
Interactionist perspectives focus on how people make sense of their everyday social interactions, which are made possible by the use of mutually understood symbols. From an alternative perspective, postmodern theorists believe that entirely new ways of examining social life are needed and that it is time to move beyond functionalist, conflict, and interactionist approaches.
anomie
Emile Durkheim's designation for a condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society.
functionalist perspectives
the sociological approach that views society as a stable, orderly system.
conflict perspectives
the sociological approach that views groups in society as engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources.
urbanization
the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas.
high-income countries
(sometimes referred to as industrial countries) nations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and personal income.
theory
a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events.
industrialization
the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries.
symbolic interactionist perspectives
the sociological approach that views society as the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups.
latent functions
unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants.
sociology
the systematic study of human society and social interaction.
low-income countries
(sometimes referred to as underdeveloped countries) primarily agrarian nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income.
sociological imagination
C. Wright Mills's term for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society.
macrolevel analysis
an approach that examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems instead of looking at important social dynamics in individuals' lives.
society
a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
manifest functions
functions that are intended and/or overtly recognized by the participants in a social unit.
social facts
Emile Durkheim's term for patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person.
microlevel analysis
sociological theory and research that focus on small groups rather than on large-scale social structures.
social Darwinism
Herbert Spencer's belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out.
middle-income countries
(sometimes referred to as developing countries) nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income.
postmodern perspectives
the sociological approach that attempts to explain social life in contemporary societies that are characterized by postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communications.
positivism
a term describing Auguste Comte's belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry.
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