the use of standardized tests to measure mental attributes such as intelligence
the use of standardized tests to assess future performance
the use of standardized tests to assess current levels of skill and knowledge
knowledge and use of knowledge
crystallized intelligence
the ability to reason, to make decisions, to make sense of events, and to adapt to environmental challenges
flexibility and novelty in thinking
high overall intelligence
What is the paradox of choice?
Sometimes, having more options is worse than having fewer.
Which of the following are features of the WAIS, developed by David Wechsler?
tests general knowledge tests both verbal and nonverbal information
Which of the following are symbolic representations?
an equation for a math word problem the ingredient list in a recipe
Which of the following statements about Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences are accurate?
Critics of the theory have questioned whether some of Gardner’s intelligence categories should be considered skills, rather than intelligences. Support for the theory lies in the fact that many people who are very successful did not excel academically.
High scores on a test for aptitude in engineering correlate well with later success in the field. A test measures what it claims to measure.
A student tries retaking the SAT, but his new score is similar to his old one. A person’s scores on the same repeated test are stable over time.
Even though Joe had never seen that unusual breed of cat before, he can quickly identify it as a cat—as opposed to a dog—since it most closely matches other instances of cats in his memory
A grocery store places all produce in one area and all dry goods in another.
Young children can quickly identify a parrot as a bird, since they think of parrots as best representing that concept.
If someone scores high on an intelligence test, what can you expect about his cognitive performance, compared with someone of average intelligence?
He will score much higher on a memory test that has two components (e.g. “Solve simple math problems while a list of words is presented, and then repeat the words back in the same order”). He will score higher on tests of choice reaction time (e.g. “Press the X key every time you see an X; press the A key every time you see an A”).
Stacia travels all over the city using buses and subways. When she wants to find a way to travel to another state, she refers to a bus schedule.
Matt has a hammer and a window that will not open, but he does not want to smash the window. Eventually he realizes that he can use the hammer as a lever.
overcoming functional fixedness
Michael keeps looking for his car keys on the kitchen table, where he usually leaves them. Eventually, he checks in his pocket and finds them.
Boris, an engineer, uses an engine’s maximum power output to figure out the engine’s maximum fuel flow.
Some researchers believe that a complete description of people’s intelligence must include emotional intelligence, or EI. What specific abilities is EI said to include?
understanding emotional language recognizing other people’s emotions managing one’s emotions using one’s own emotions to guide thoughts and actions.
According to Charles Spearman, how do people with high general intelligence score on other intelligence abilities?
High general intelligence is associated with high problem-solving abilities. High general intelligence is associated with high math ability. High general intelligence is associated with high verbal abilities.
One may make a hasty decision by not taking time to gather information.
One may be subject to manipulation by others based on how a choice is described.
A bus company offers discounts when people buy tickets in advance, rather than emphasizing the fees incurred when booking at the last minute.
Seeing a woman auto mechanic, Ahmed decides to take his car to a different place to be serviced by a male auto mechanic, not realizing the woman has high ratings from her customers.
A dating website founder, hoping to get venture capital funding, says that his site is used by 20 percent of San Francisco singles.
Mike could solve Rubik’s Cubes, mathematical puzzles, and other mind-bending puzzles faster than anyone else. Upon first meeting Mike, people thought he was a mathematician and were surprised to discover he was a plumber
Which of the following theories on intelligence have the strongest empirical support?
general intelligence crystallized intelligence fluid intelligence
Isabel is brilliant at math, writing, solving problems, drawing, and playing the violin, among other things.
Correct label: general intelligence
Bill created a new program matching senior citizens to middle school students, so the senior citizens could teach the middle school students social skills and the middle schoolers could teach the seniors computer skills.
Which of the following are analogical representations?
a map of a bus route a photo of a person a drawing of a house
Which of the following were goals of the first intelligence test developed by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon?
Psychometrically measure school intelligence. Identify children in the French school system who needed more attention. Use measures of memory, vocabulary, numbers, and other mental operations to produce an overall score of intelligence
Köhler’s chimpanzee-with-stick experiment
Duncker’s box-and-candle problem
overcoming functional fixedness
Scheerer’s nine-dot problem
A person who has extraordinary abilities in one particular area (like math or art) but is normal or below average in other areas is called a
What are some of the results from research studies about the role of genetics in determining intelligence?
The highest correlation in intelligence is between monozygotic twins raised in the same household. The second-highest correlation in intelligence is between monozygotic twins raised in different households. The lowest correlation in intelligence is between siblings in different households.
Distinguish between the function or purpose of schemas and potential problems that can come from using schemas.
Schemas assign people roles to play. Schemas for common situations include rules for how to behave.
Which of the following situations presents the greatest challenge to a maximizer who wants to make decisions logically?
a very large range of good options that are all quite similar
start with a goal and construct steps that will lead there from the initial state
think about how a similar problem is solved
sudden understanding of the solution
set and achieve mini-goals that lead to a larger goal
Gerard won at Jeopardy because he knew the most facts.
crystallized intelligence
based on information most easily or quickly retrieved
similarity to a prototype
pitfall of the representativeness heuristic
Ursula discovered she could get to her friend’s house by taking a subway to a train and then a bus to the house.
Mollie used behavioral learning principles to design a plan to help the autistic child learn socializing skills.
Antoine came up with a tune to go with the poems he had written.
What are some of the results of research studies about the influence of environmental factors on intelligence?
More schooling is correlated with higher intelligence. Breastfeeding and proper prenatal nutrition is associated with higher standardized intelligence test scores. Higher birth weight is associated with higher standardized intelligence test scores.
For what reasons are schemas useful?
People often have specific roles in the context of a given situation. Schemas allow us to think efficiently about objects by categorizing them. Many of the most commonly encountered situations have consistent attributes.
One may make decisions based on poorly informed stereotyping of people.
the most typical member of a category
a generalization based on group membership
What are some of the research findings about stereotype threat? (4)
Women and minorities who are made aware of the stereotype threat effect outperform those who are not made aware of it. Stereotype threat interferes with test performance by causing anxiety. Women who do not believe men score better on standardized math tests score just as well as men. Women who believe men score better on standardized math tests do in fact score lower than men.
Larry didn’t know why he voted for the person running for town council, but the candidate he voted for had posted signs all over town.
Barbara is quiet, shy, and likes to spend time alone, so people are surprised to learn she is an entertainer and not a librarian.
decisions are shaped by whether potential gains or potential losses are emphasized
making decisions based on whatever information is quickest and easiest to recall
making decisions by placing people or objects into categories
representativeness heuristic
involves getting from a present state to a goal state
involves selection among alternatives
involves ranking outcomes as better or worse
People who are high in general intelligence tend to be healthier. What explanations for this have been proposed?
People with higher general intelligence are more informed about the links between health and various behaviors. People with higher general intelligence can keep up with rapid advancements and complex concepts in modern medical research.
Sally scored at the top of her class in chemistry.
Tom demonstrated an ability to adjust well to new situations, making him a good candidate for the selective study-abroad program.
Izzy is 12 years old, but she has a mental age of 14.
Correct label: intelligence quotient
Tom demonstrated an ability to adjust well to new situations, making him a good candidate for the selective study-abroad program.
Sally scored at the top of her class in chemistry.
skill at puzzle solving and other academic challenges
skill at judging the size of a physical space or at judging people’s characters