Which of the following theories seeks to explain delinquency based on where it occurs?

Juvenile Justice Robert Taylor 5th Edition- Test Bank

Published on Sep 27, 2021

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Under common law doctrine (the legal system the American colonists brought from England) a juvenile age___ or older could receive the same punishment as an adult.

The first juvenile court was founded in ___.

The term parens patriae means ___.

A legal doctrine in which the state plays the role of the parent is called ___.

The authority granted by law to hear a case is called ___.

Any behavior that is prohibited by the juvenile law of a state is called ___.

A (n) ___ would not be considered a crime if committed by an adult.

What is not a status offense.

The criminal justice system

The system of agencies that is designed to manage adult offenders is called ____.

The upper age limit for which most juvenile courts may hear a case is ____.

Under common law doctrine, individuals under age ___were presumed to be unable to develop intent and therefore could not be prosecuted and punished for their actions.

A procedure by which a juvenile is removed from the juvenile justice process and provided with treatment services is called ___

The procedure by which juvenile court staff decides whether to process the case further in court, handle the case informally, or dismiss the case is called ____.

A sanction by which a juvenile offender pays the victim for the harm done by the juvenile is called ___.

A sanction requirin a juvenile offender to perform a predetermined number of hours of volunteer work is called ___.

The juvenile court system in the U.S. has been in existence since ___.

Before the 20th century, juveniles were essentially ___or property.

According to this text, the legal term for property is ___.

The author of Oliver Twist is ___

The practice of selling children into service to a business person or wealthy person was called ___.

A religious group in early America who believed that through hard work, religion, and education a person could get closer to God was called ___.

The Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia

The first American penal institution to address juvenile issues specifically was ___.

The Walnut Street Jail in Philadelphia

The first jail in the United States that separated inmates and sought to reform their behavior rather than just punish them was ___.

The legal concept of allowing the state to "act in place of the parents" is called ___

The legal acceptance of parens patriae was established in the case of ____

The amount of juvenile crime is measured by all but one of the following methods of gathering crime statistics

According to your text, the most comprehensive official measure of crime in the United States is ___.

Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Uniform Crime Report if compiled by the ___.

Crimes reported to the police and then reported to the FBI

Where does the Uniform Crime Report get its data?

The following is not part of the violent crime index

Under common law doctrine, the legal system the American colonists brought from England , a juvenile age 7 or older could receive the same punishment as an adult. (True or False)

The first juvenile court was founded in New York, New York (True or False)

The term parens patriae means the proper parent (True or False)

A legal doctrine in which the state plays the role of the parent is called stare decis (True or False)

The authority granted by law to hear a case is called jurisdiction

When a juvenile breaks the law it is still called a crime by the juvenile court (True or False)

A status offense would not be considered a crime if committed by an adult (True or False)

In most states, smoking marijuana i considered a status offense (True or False)

The term juvenile is defined by  federal law and therefore each state defines the term the same way (True or False)

Under common law doctrine, individuals under age seven were presumed to be unable to develop intent and therefore could not be prosecuted and punished for their actions (True or False)

The procedure by which the juvenile court staff decides whether to process the case further in court, handle the case informally, or dismiss the case is called probation (True or False)

A sanction by which a juvenile offender pays the victim for the harm done by the juvenile is called victim justice (True or False)

The process through which a juvenile court relinquishes jurisdiction over the juvenile offender and the case is processed in adult court is called adult processing (True or False)

A decision by a juvenile court judge that a juvenile committed the delinquent act is called an adjudication (True or False)

Probation is a disposition imposed by the court allowing  the adjudicated offender to remain in the community as long as the offender abides by certain conditions (True or False)

At the center of the teaching of the houses of refuge was the belief that humans were inherently evil and must be taught to be good (True or False)

The state does not have the right to take away parental custody of children even when it is in the best interest of the child (True or False)

The first documented case where the concept of parens patriae was questioned in a legal setting in the United States was the case of Ex Parte Crouse (True or False)

Juveniles have always had the same rights in delinquency proceedings as adults have had in criminal proceedings (True or False)

National trends indicate that juvenile justice systems are growing more formal, restrictive, and punitive. (True or False)

Offenders cannot be rehabilitated; instead they commit more and more crimes (True or False)

The juvenile court system started in the United States in New York in 1844 (True or False)

Before the 20th century, juveniles were essentially chattel or property

The juvenile justice system continues to give juveniles lighter and lighter sentences for their crimes (True or False)

Juvenile arrest rates for property crimes rose substantially from 2000 to 2006 (True or False)

An example of victimless crime is prostitution (True or False)

The "dark figure of crime" refers to the rerrible affects of crime on victims (True or False)

Juveniles are responsible for most crimes in the United States (True or False)

A weak commitment to the school by an adolescent and poor school performance are related with increased involvement in delinquency and drug use (True or False)

Having peers who disapprove of delinquent behavior has NOT been found to be a protective factor against delinquency (True or False)

A formalized idea or set of principles that attempt to define and explain a phenomenon is called ___.

The concept of ___ is the ability to make a choice among various alternatives.

According to the classical school, behavior is rational and a product of ___.

The best know classical school proponent is ___

The attempt to maximize pleasure and minimize pain is called ___.

Make the punishment fit the crime

According to the classical school of thought, the challenge of the law and society is to

Swift, certain, and severe

Cesare Beccaria believed that punishment should be ___

Behavior is beyond the individuals control

The positive school of criminology believed that ___.

The positive school of criminology was founded by ___

The focus of the positive school is on ___

Family Relationships, Association with delinquent peers, and lack of opportunity

____ is a factor that influences delinquency.

Shaw and McKay studied the juvenile court and police records of juvenile delinquents from which U.S. city?

Social Structure Theories

___ Seek to explain delinquency based on where it occurs

___focus on the onset and termination of delinquency at different stages over the course

___ Examine the role that societal institutions, including the juvenile justice system, play in perpetuating delinquent behavior.

___ Focus on the relationship between socialization and delinquency

___See delinquency as a result of lack of opportunity

___Developed five modes of adoptions

___Theory does NOT focus exclusively on delinquency committed by members of the lower-class but can be used as an explanation of delinquency among all social classes

___ Sought to explain why juvenile crime rates were so high in an area of the city characterized by urban decay

The philosophy behind many delinquency prevention program is ___

teach juveniles the skills they need, educate juveniles so they will not recidivate, provide programs to occupy a juveniles time so that they will not commit crime

A quick fix, or a cure all, is sometimes called a _____

The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

The government agency responsible for coordination and researching delinquency prevention program is _____

Early pre-delinquent intervention and prevention

A range of programs designed to target children at risk of becoming delinquent based on the identification of early risk factors is called.

When first time offenders are diverted away from formal processing ad into a number of service program is called _____

The University of Colorado at Boulder

The blueprints model programs were developed at ____

Some research findings indicate that most physical development in the brain occurs by age ____.

Project Head Start was begun under President ____.

The ___ program uses the contacts that police officers make in the course of their duties to identify youth who are at risk of becoming involved in violent behavior, gangs, substance abuse, or other delinquent activities.

In the home and at school

The two most prominent sources of interaction with juveniles are ____

The terms id, ego, and super ego were developed by Sigmund Freud (True or False)

The concept of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder was developed by Sigmund Freud (True or False)

The return to a pattern of reaction characteristic of a less mature mode of adjustment is called regression (True or False)

A learning theory that states people learn by associating stimuli with certain responses is called classical conditioning (True or False)

The part of one's personalitiy that represents the conscience and moral character of the individual is called the ego (True or False)

The part of one's personality that represents the identity of the individual and actual behavior is called the ego. (True or False)

The part of one's personality that is comprised of unconscious biological and psychological desires and instincts is called the id (True or False)

Karl Christiansen studied the delinquency of twins (True or False)

The similarity of delinquent behavior between twins is referred to as the concordance rate (True or False)

Dizygotic twins are also know as identical twins (True or False)

The factor that began the process of delinquency was a lack of power in the workplace according to Colvin and Pauly (True or False)

Conflict theorists are concerned with the role government plays in creating an environment that is conducive to crime (True or False)

Inversion is the practice of removing juveniles from the juvenile justice process and providing them with treatment services outside of the juvenile justice system (True or False)

According to Sampson and Laub two turning points in a criminal career are marriage and the birth of a child (True or False)

Most youths that are raised in abusive households are more likely to become delinquent and commit delinquent acts (True or False)

Hirschi stated that there were four elements of the social bond: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief (True or False)

the four steps of neutralization are denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, and condemnation of the condemners (True or False)

A person is arrested for only one of every three offenses (True or False)

According to Sutherland's differential association theory, delinquency is a learned behavior (True or False)

Social process theories focus on the relationship between socialization and delinquency (True or False)

In teen court, youths are often sentenced to write apology letters to their victims (True or False)

Deinstitutionalization is the releasing of convicted juveniles early from juvenile facilities so that they may be placed on parole (True or False)

In certain states, the parent can be held liable for the truancy of their child (True or False)

Research shows that most boot camp programs are no more successful that traditional correctional sanctions (True or False)

The Scared Straight Program was a highly successful juvenile prevention program that has been well duplicated throughout country (True or False)

Juvenile court judges, social workers, police officers, and other juvenile justice personnel all agree that most juveniles who come into contact with the system do not recidivate (True or False)

A quick fix, or a cure all, is sometimes called a panacea (True or False)

the government agency responsible for coordination and researching delinquency prevention programs is the Federal Bureau of Investigation (True or False)

When first-time offenders are diverted away from formal processing it is called deinstitutionalization (True or False)

Project Head Start was begun under President Lyndon Johnson (True or False)

In 2007, Juveniles accounted for ___ of all violent crime arrests

In 2007, juveniles accounted for __ of all murder arrests

The following is NOT part of the index offenses

The number of juveniles arrested for murder in 2007 was ___

Police history is generally divided into three periods. ___ is NOT one of those periods.

The Traditional or Political Period

The era in law enforcement marked by political corruption and political control of policing was called ___

The community oriented period

A philosophical movement in policing designed to make the community a co-active partner with law enforcement was called ___

The era in law enforcement where the goal was to increase the professionalization of policing, thus removing it from political pressures, was called ___

The book, Varieties of Police Behavior was written by ____

The following is NOT one of the three fundamental functions of policing according to your text

The idea that day-to-day operations of the juvenile justice system should be left up to the professionals working in the system without court review or intervention is called ___

The due process revolution

The period of time during the 1960's and early 1970's when the U.S. Supreme Court made several rulings that created or applied additional due process protections to the criminal justice system is called ___

The basic philosophy behind the creation of the juvenile court was ___

Rights that govern the process by which a hearing or court action will proceed are called___.

Rights that protect and individual against arbitrary and unreasonable action are called ___.

The PHRASE parens patriae means

The phrase in loco parentis translates as

The first landmark case regarding juvenile justice was ___

Making obscene phone calls

Gerald Gault was charged with _____

The case in which it was ruled that juveniles facing waiver to adult court are entitled to some basic due process rights is ___

Under common law, a juvenile age __ or older could receive the same sentence as and adult.

The Juvenile Court was established in ___

The term "parens patriae" means ____

The court authority granted by law to hear a case is called ____

Any behavior that is prohibited by the juvenile law of the state is called ___

An act commited by a juvenile that would not be considered a crime if committed by an adult is called a ___

The number of juvenile court cases __ between 1885-2005

A procedure by which the juvenile is removed from the juvenile justice process and provided with treatment services is called ___.

Who has the primary responsibility for the operation of the juvenile court in most jurisdictions?

Which theory seeks to explain delinquency based upon where it occurs?

What theories explain delinquency?

What theory explains juvenile delinquency?

What are the three major theories of delinquency?