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Terms in this set (110)
There is still little scientific consensus on how the term "sexual orientation" is best defined and measured.
true
Which one of the following statements is not associated with the term "compulsory heterosexuality"?
A. Traditional pressure on young women and men to marry and provide their parents with biologically related grandchildren.
B. Females must date males, and males must date females.
C. At birth, one's sexual orientation is bisexual.
D. Society exerts a variety of socioeconomic and political forces that ensure the coupling of women with men.
At birth, one's sexual orientation is bisexual.
Heterosexism is viewed as prejudice, stereotyping or discrimination based on not being heterosexual.
true
Which one of the following statements best describe the term "lesbian continuum"?
It embodies lesbian resistance against homophobia.
It signifies the importance of lesbian history in America.
It symbolizes maternal bonding between lesbian mothers and their daughters.
It represents a range through each woman's life and throughout history of woman-identified experience.
It represents a range through each woman's life and throughout history of woman-identified experience.
Select the answer that does NOT describe one of the kinds of individual homophobia?
social-expressive
internalized
homonegativity
value-expressive
homonegativity
Select the assertion NOT put forth by filmmaker Taj Paxton and her perspective on the film/media industry and representation
To realize the power of a story to break silence about anxiety and/or depression.
To stop focusing only upon what women in media look like
There can't be only one representation [in media] of what being gay, lesbian or trans looks like.
That as an artist/filmmaker you need to learn to fit in
That as an artist/filmmaker you need to learn to fit in
The U.S. military spends five times more on Viagra (medication used to treat erectile dysfunction) than on transgender military medical services.
true
The framework for the legal victory of marriage equality in 2016 was profoundly shaped by the eradication of which type of laws feminists worked to overturn in the 1970's and 1980's that oppressed women who were married to men?
laws against servitude
law of coverture
law of miscegenation
property law
law of coverture
The Stonewall Uprising of 1969 (that sparked the LGBT civil rights movement) was predominantly led by the resistance of which group who were among those being persecuted daily by the police of New York City?
trans women of color
gay men who were dancing together
lesbians wearing less than 3 items of clothing
the LGBT patrons being served alcohol
trans women of color
Which one of the following groups was regarded as a different "racial" group than Anglo-Saxons in nineteenth-century America?
Scots
Greeks
The Irish
Germans
the Irish
The term "racialization" recognizes that becoming marked by race is an action - something that happens to people rather than something they are.
true
Which one of the following characteristics best defines an ethnic group?
a community or population who share a common cultural experience or ancestry
a group of people defined by common genetic traits
a group of people who regard themselves as anti-social
a group of people who share the same childrearing customs
a community or population who share a common cultural experience or ancestry
In the United States today, the top 5 percent of the population controls 72 percent of the wealth.
true
Which one of the following television shows depicts white working-class women as more competent than their husbands?
Orphan Black
The Simpsons
Sex and the City
Modern Family
the simpsons
Most states tax tampons, sanitary pads and feminine hygiene products as "non essential luxury items" making them unaffordable for homeless girls and women.
true
What percentage of nail salon workers are women - some of whom were found to have been abused by salon/employers who were stealing their wages, verbally and physically abusing them, racially discriminating against them and exposing them to highly toxic chemicals?
77
67
87
97
97
The #BlackLivesMatter platform focuses upon more than the issue of law enforcement violence against people of color.
true
Select the two parts of the framework plan of #BlackLivesMatter in their year of Resistance and Resilience.
focus upon social media as the form of activist change
create government resolutions that declare the value of Black life
focus only upon public protests and marches
push for legislation that grades police departments upon how they police communities of color with a penalty of loss of funding if they fail
push for legislation that grades police departments upon how they police communities of color with a penalty of loss of funding if they fail
create government resolutions that declare the value of Black life
The association of Asians as the "model minority" is a racist one as it generalizes a diverse group of people while ignoring past and present-day discrimination and wide disparities among different Asian groups.
true
Which one of the following statements accurately describes the phrase "walking while Black"?
Black people are being unruly merely walking in public
Black people are being conscientious citizens when walking.
Black people who walk through diverse neighborhoods are welcome.
Black people like to talk while walking.
Black people are being unruly merely walking in public
In 2012, nearly two-thirds of Hispanics living in the U.S. were born in the U.S..
true
Which one of the following characteristics remains a persistent problem for most Native American communities in the United States?
investment in education
diversity in economic
projects
poverty
low population growth
poverty
Which one of the following statements is not associated with the concept of white privilege?
Whites benefits from a historical foundation of racial discrimination.
White privilege is static and undifferentiated.
Whites live their daily lives with a general prospect of acceptance.
Whites are not required to explain their entire race.
White privilege is static and undifferentiated.
Select the factors that influence most of why women with their children from Central America (El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala) are fleeing to the United States.
high murder rates in their country
domestic violence
to take American jobs
to conduct terrorist activity
gang violence
gang violence, domestic violence, high murder rates
One reason why access to reproductive health clinics is so important is because black women are twice as likely to die from cervical cancer and are more likely to die from breast cancer.
true
Research has found what percentage of black women agree that women should be trusted to make their own reproductive choices?
95
75
65
85
85
What was Cherokee Chief Wilma Mankiller's first experience with community activism for her nation?
to open a health clinic in each town on the reservation
get local schools to stop using racist and offensive mascots depicting Native Americans
get the community to lay their own water lines so they will have running water to their homes
to get electricity to the homes in her community
get the community to lay their own water lines so they will have running water to their homes
In women's gender and sexuality studies, the word "embodiment" refers to how our bodies are and interact with the fashion world to look glamourous.
false
Which one of the following accurately describes the term "controlling images"?
comical photos of actors selected by their Hollywood film and television agents for public viewing
vintage Hollywood publicity still photos taken during the silent film era
realistic images of working-class white people with their families
stereotypical or idealized images that allow an elite group power over those portrayed in these representations
stereotypical or idealized images that allow an elite group power over those portrayed in these representations
Historically, during periods when women seek power and control, global fashion promotes a thin, constricting beauty ideal that reduces women to a childish look.
true
Colorism is a prejudice that validates differential treatment for light-skinned people and continues to exist only among African Americans.
false
The "male gaze" is a perspective that men can only adopt - where they objectify, fragmentize and commodify women's bodies.
false
Which answer best defines the term "feminine apologetic" in discussions about gender, fashion and politics?
professional requirements of women to wear make-up and skirts
the
high cost of women's professional attire versus men's professional attire
wearing high heels to communicate vulnerability and sexual availability
how feminine items like pearls or ruffles on women's professional attire are done as to not to be considered "too masculine/powerful" or a "lesbian"
how feminine items like pearls or ruffles on women's professional attire are done as to not to be considered "too masculine/powerful" or a "lesbian"
Which aspect of the history and modern reality of feminism and fashion was NOT discussed in the article?
Women of color consciously and unconsciously fashioning themselves in ways that diminish racial difference
the popularity of military uniform details and camouflage in women's fashion to communicate power and toughness
Suffragists wearing green, white and violet jewelry standing for "Give Women the Vote"
the
damned-if-you-do and damned-if-you-don't criticisms of women in politics who wear pantsuits
the popularity of military uniform details and camouflage in women's fashion to communicate power and toughness
Which example was NOT mentioned by the article analyzing the racist and sexist ways that some media talk about the bodies and appearance of tennis champions Serena and Venus Williams?
their dedication to
training and developing bodies and skills that excel in their chosen sport
body shaming girl and women athletes for their muscular bodies
calling the sisters "brothers" as a racist and transphobic slur
body shaming the sisters for not having the Eurocentric and hyper-thin beauty ideal of Western culture
their dedication to training and developing bodies and skills that excel in their chosen sport
Which statistic and/or fact was NOT mentioned in the article on sexist ads?
only 3% of women in ads are featured in managerial positions
Often when women are represented in ads they are in a kitchen setting in revealing attire
Adults and children are exposed to almost 5,000 ads a day
Research evidence finds no link between gender representations in the media and notions of gender equality and personal self-esteem
Research evidence finds no link between gender representations in the media and notions of gender equality and personal self-esteem
Read the article "Stomp the Runway" and watch the video included at the bottom of the 2013 Rick Owens fashion show in Paris. Select ALL of the powerful ways that this fashion show broke barriers in the industry.
The women wore powerful faces and shouted loud/strong calls
It featured apparel that embodies movement, power and strength
It
featured the non-Euro centric dance of Stepping
It featured primarily women of color
It featured real-bodied women, not waif-like women
It showed women as a united powerful force
The fashion designer and choreographer were both women
It featured apparel that embodies movement, power and strength
It featured primarily women of color
It showed women as a united powerful force
It featured real-bodied women, not waif-like women
It featured the non-Euro centric dance of Stepping
The women wore powerful faces and shouted loud/strong calls
kinsey scale
individuals were assigned ratings from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual
5 points between allowed for what we today call varying degrees of bisexuality
issue: doesnt allow for both overt sexual experiences or psychosexual reactions
klein grid
7 dimensions: sexual attraction, sexual behavior, sexual fantasies, emotional preference, social preference, heterosexual/homosexual lifestyle, self identification
allows you to change over time: past present ideal
homosociality
social preference or the sex of those with whom you socialize
storms's scale
the idea that sexual orientation should be based on the type, extend and frequency of a persons erotic fantasies
whats the umbrella terms for all LGBTQQIAA
queer
queer theory
an approach to social and cultural study which seeks to challenge or deconstruct traditional ideas of sexuality and gender esp. dichotomy of male and female traits
L
Lesbian
G
Gay
B
bisexual
T
Transgender/sexual
Q
Queer
Q
Questioning
I
intersex
A
Asexual - no sexual attraction
A
Ally -
heterocentrism
the belief that heterosexuality should be central and normal in contrast to other sexual orientations that are marginal, abnormal, and inferior
compulsory heterosexuality
a rule that all men be attracted to women and all women to men
Heteronormativity
A type of prejudice that claims that being heterosexual is the only normal option for an individual's sexual orientation.
homonegativity
negative attitudes about gay people
sexual stigma
The negative regard, inferior status, and relative powerlessness that society collectively accords to any nonheterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, or community
internalized homophobia
homonegative attitudes directed toward oneself
Homophobia
fear of and prejudice against homosexuality
institutional homophobia
a cultural ideology that is embodied in institutional practices that work to the disadvantage of sexual minority groups even in the absence of individual prejudice or discrimination
defensive-expressive homophobia
a type of homophobia in which individuals (men) express homophobia as a way to cope with anxiety over their own heterosexual masculinity
Social-expressive homophobia
Individuals try to gain the approval of others and enhance their own self-esteem by expressing homophobia
value-expressive homophobia
A type of homophobia in which individuals express homophobia as part of a broader value system of right and wrong, such as a conservative religious ideology.
gender inversion
where a person of one sex displays traits usually considered appropriate for a different sex
Old definition of race informs concept of essentialism
The idea that a race has a fixed and unchanging property unique to it and shared by all members
E.g. a feature of appearance (skin color or nose shape) or certain genes
Biology and racial classification
Biology
and racial classification
Coherent notions of race cannot be based upon observable racial differences
No racial group is known to universally and exclusively possess a gene or set of genes in common
Abandoning the race concept
Given the lack of a biological basis, some argue the term race should be abandoned
Use reinforces the idea that race is a real thing
Prefer racialization = recognizes that becoming marked by race is an action that happens to people rather than something that they are
Keeping race to aid activism -
Strategic essentialism
use of inaccurate, essentialist labels to help to achieve important short-term political objectives
ethnicity
Cultural elements (religion, language, customs, etc.) that set a group apart from others
For example = asian-american and Hmong - ethnicity originating from a region that includes china, laos, vietnam, thailand and myanmar
Can overlap with race, for example is hispanic race or ethnicity?
Not the same as nationality or origin group = hispanic race/ethnicity from mexico or colombia or cuba etc
othering
perception or representation of a person or group as fundamentally alien from another, frequently positioning them as other than the more powerful group
For every $100 in accumulated wealth the average white american family how much does the average black american family have?
$5
Connecting race and gender with socioeconomic status in america
Growing income inequality has concentrated wealth among the richest americans
Socio-economic status is connected to a variety of stereotypes particularly when combined with gender and/or race
Cultural perceptions of economic equality are dramatically inaccurate
quintile
dividing a group into fifths, a method often used to look at distribution of income
Measure of 5 groups used to study economic data, income data, stock data
Asian americans and pacific islanders in america
Often feel ignored: fall outside the common black/white dichotomy in the US
Model minority: hard working, academically superior, loyal to family, obedient to authority, soft spoken, professionally successful
Ignores significant variation across subgroups and overlooks past discrimination
History of discrimination - asian americans
Widespread discrimination from arrival in the 1880s:
-Chinese exclusion act of 1882
-Denied property rights and ability to naturalize
-Seen as unassimilable - contributed to japanese internment during WWII
-Asian women first brought to the US as prostitutes - contributed to highly sexualized stereotypes
-Asian women confront sexist racist modern stereotypes of being meek shy or childlike
Representations of black men
Black men suffer several
stereotypes:
Sexualized black male
Cool man
Black athlete
Criminal or dangerous
implicit bias
attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner
ex. Disproportionate hyper representation of black men as criminal and or violent in the media movies TV music and culture leads people to have a dangerous and unfair implicit bias against all black men
Latino threat narrative
idea that illegal aliens from latin america were flooding the United States
Dispelling the myth:
-Unauthorized immigrants represent 3.4% of US population
-Unauthorized immigrants make up 5% of labor force in US
-Immigrants are less crime prone and have no
effect on crime rates
-For over three decades, native born americans had an incarceration rate of 5 times more than an immigrant
Myth leads to racism against hispanic americans and unauthorized immigrants
Consider the impact DREAMERS (deferred action for childhood arrivals)
Indigenous americans/native americans
Thought of as a single group but composed of hundreds of tribes
Viewed as dying out, but birth rate higher than US average
Representations of american indians largely build on pseudo history
-Women are princesses or squaws
-Men are noble savages, brutal warriors, or new age mystics
-Modern stereotypes include alcoholism and casino wealth
Multiracial america
In the 2010 census, 9 million people identify as multiracial
Discrimination
Unequal treatment of a class of people
- Behavior not a mental attitude
Differential treatment;unequal treatment of a class of people
- E.g. marriage equality, bathroom laws, reproductive laws
Disparate impact: equal treatment that nonetheless disadvantages one class of people versus another
- E.g. voter ID laws
Total discrimination
Effects of past discrimination can be cumulative and lasting
Even when a group is being treated fairly today, they will be at a disadvantage relative to others:
-History of slavery, colonization or immigration
-History of laws governing ownership, legal protection
-Access to education and healthcare
-Ability to accumulate property and wealth
-Job and employment discrimination
-Availability of safe and health housing
White privilege
An invisible package of unearned assets that benefits white people
Advantages of whiteness often invisible to them; think of it as neutral normal and universally available
Also connected to class
Privilege may be misleading -- rights more helpful
other forms of privilege
gender privilege, class privilege, cis-gender privilege, able-bodied privilege, heterosexual privilege, christian privilege, global north privilege
embodiment
the way our bodies are and interact with the world to create social meaning
cultural artifacts
anything created by humans which give info about the culture of its creator and users
critical (social) media literacy
ability to access, analyze, evaluate media in its context; with ability to critically analyze relationship between media and audience, information and power
1890s - women
Late nineteenth century: voluptuous
1900s-1920s - women
Flapper in vogue
Boyish, flat-chested, small hips,
short hair
No more corsets, bras are invented
Coincides with women's suffrage movement - right to vote
Symbols of growing independence for women
New fad of slimming begins to try to fit this ideal. Later to become dieting
controlling images (who?)
Stereotypical or idealized images allow an elite group power over those depicted ; they disguise or mystify social relations (Patricia Hill Collins)
1940-1950s - women
More glamorous style, more makeup
New look in 1947; tighter corsets, longer skirts
Anti-ethnic view led to invisibility for latin actors
Hyper feminine fashion and curves reflect conservative, traditional values
Rise of new media = magazines
backlash theory (who?)
political and cultural conservative reactions to progressive social or political change (Susan Faludi)
1960-1970 - women
Return to thin ideal, similar to 1920s
Rise in feminist activism results in hyper thin (like flapper) but now also childlike
But views of beauty less standardized than ever
A variety of racial and ethnic looks seen as attractive
Ideals of beauty within african american communities:
-From 19th century to 50s, middle class blacks were pressured by racism and segregation to value light skinned beauty ideal and to play respectability politics
-Black power movement = black is beautiful movement
Still find white hegemonic beauty standards today
1980s - women
Return to the hourglass
Resurgent conservatism brought a backlash against women's rights movement and accompanying beauty ideals
But real muscle on models embodies some gender equality
1990s - women
Glamazons and waifs
Progressive era of gay rights third wave feminism - where feminism meets pop culture
Return to hyper think ideal similar to 1920s , 1970s
Typified by models like kate moss or tv show ally mcbeal
Latin women again seen as beauty icons
2000-2010 - women
Marked by an opening of beauty standards
Introduction of internet and reality tv increased avenues to fame = new media
More people can produce variety of controlling images
But standards still far from unlimited and often preferred based on class and racialized identification
Fuller more hourglass figure preferred in more conservative eras
1930-1950s, 1980s
Smaller less curvy ideal common in eras when women assert political power
1920s 1960-70s 1990s
1666-1800s - men
England's king charles II moved to simplify court dress
beginning of the great masculine renunciation of elaborate clothing
Conspicuous consumption see nas effeminate
1800s : as middle class overtook the aristocracy as major political force plain clothing represented thrift self control modest
Fancy dress of aristocracy seen as sign of unmanliness
1890s - men
Ideal of athletic muscular man
A way for men to demonstrate their manliness in an increasingly urban. Corporate world
Threats to gender race and class privileges
1907-1950s - men
Broad shoulders, strong jaw, chiseled features
The new american man
Masculinity as powerful, wealthy, strong in times of war and later prosperity
Informs respectability politics as civil rights movement begins
1960s - men
Peacock revolution bold colors and patterns
Reflects cultural political change with civil rights movement
Rise of the afro out of the black power movement
anti -establishment culture hippie embraces unisex fashion and love in response to violence of assassinations
1970s
More bold colors, plus the rugged masculinity of the marlboro man
End of progressive era sees struggle over notions of masculinity and race
But also the complicated masculinity of Bruce Lee defined by domination of other men
Symbolic of race/class struggle
1980s - men
The hypermuscular ideal
Sylvester stallone and arnold schwarzenegger = introduces the retributive man narrative/image
Conservative political era = hyper masculine traditional
May be an attempt by men to distinguish themselves from women in face of increasing equality
Men now also shown as sex objects ,not breadwinners or authority figures
1990s - men
The metrosexual
Coexisting with the muscular ideal
High income well groomed spends money on clothes and accessories
New eroticism and overt sexuality. Does not communicate sexual orientation
Progressive era = more androgynous effeminate sexuality
2000-2010 - men
The slim ideal
Again coexisted with muscular ideal
Black and hispanic celebrities among those considered most attractive
Two almost-opposing masculinities communicates class, race and political binary
beauty myth (who?)
the pressure of unrealistic beauty standards to be thin, young, perfect is a political reaction to feminist progress (Naomi Wolf)
ideal viewer
an ideal, imagined viewer (of images) who is a white male and expected to take heterosexual pleasure from the image
male gaze (who?)
when women survey themselves as the ideal viewer to determine how men would view them (Laura Mulvey)
Objectification and self-objectification
happens when men are judged by what they accomplish and women judged by how they look - seeing a person or yourself as an object
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Verified questionsSOCIOLOGY
Many people appear to be less interested in religion during their teenage years. This might be seen in failing church attendance for the age group. Using your sociological imagination suggest some reasons for this apparent lack of interest. Consider developmental (age) and social factors. Depending on your answer what suggestion might you make to religious organisations looking for ideas on how to keep teenagers involved and active?
Verified answer
SOCIOLOGY
Indicate whether these statements best reflect a folkway (F), a more (M), a law (L), or a value (V). a. norm against cursing aloud in church b. norm encouraging eating three meals daily c. idea of progress d. norm against burning a national flag e. norm encouraging sleeping in a bed f. norm prohibiting murder g. norm against overtime parking h. idea of freedom
Verified answer
SOCIOLOGY
Can secret observation of people ever be considered ethical? Why or why not?
Verified answer
SOCIOLOGY
Complete the sentence using each term once. a. monogamy b. polyandry c. polygyny d. exogamy e. endogamy f. homogamy g. patrilineal h. blended family i. dual-employed marriage j. boomerang kids. _________ is the marriage within one’s own group as required by social norms.
Verified answer
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