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Terms in this set (110)There is still little scientific consensus on how the term "sexual orientation" is best defined and measured. true Which one of the following statements is not associated with the term "compulsory heterosexuality"? A. Traditional pressure on young women and men to marry and provide their parents with biologically related grandchildren. B. Females must date males, and males must date females. C. At birth, one's sexual orientation is bisexual. D. Society exerts a variety of socioeconomic and political forces that ensure the coupling of women with men. At birth, one's sexual orientation is bisexual. Heterosexism is viewed as prejudice, stereotyping or discrimination based on not being heterosexual. true Which one of the following statements best describe the term "lesbian continuum"? It embodies lesbian resistance against homophobia. It signifies the importance of lesbian history in America. It symbolizes maternal bonding between lesbian mothers and their daughters. It represents a range through each woman's life and throughout history of woman-identified experience. It represents a range through each woman's life and throughout history of woman-identified experience. Select the answer that does NOT describe one of the kinds of individual homophobia? social-expressive internalized homonegativity value-expressive homonegativity Select the assertion NOT put forth by filmmaker Taj Paxton and her perspective on the film/media industry and representation To realize the power of a story to break silence about anxiety and/or depression. To stop focusing only upon what women in media look like There can't be only one representation [in media] of what being gay, lesbian or trans looks like. That as an artist/filmmaker you need to learn to fit in
That as an artist/filmmaker you need to learn to fit in The U.S. military spends five times more on Viagra (medication used to treat erectile dysfunction) than on transgender military medical services. true The framework for the legal victory of marriage equality in 2016 was profoundly shaped by the eradication of which type of laws feminists worked to overturn in the 1970's and 1980's that oppressed women who were married to men? laws against servitude law of coverture law of miscegenation property law law of coverture The Stonewall Uprising of 1969 (that sparked the LGBT civil rights movement) was predominantly led by the resistance of which group who were among those being persecuted daily by the police of New York City? trans women of color gay men who were dancing together lesbians wearing less than 3 items of clothing the LGBT patrons being served alcohol trans women of color Which one of the following groups was regarded as a different "racial" group than Anglo-Saxons in nineteenth-century America? Scots the Irish The term "racialization" recognizes that becoming marked by race is an action - something that happens to people rather than something they are. true Which one of the following characteristics best defines an ethnic group? a community or population who share a common cultural experience or ancestry a group of people defined by common genetic traits
a community or population who share a common cultural experience or ancestry In the United States today, the top 5 percent of the population controls 72 percent of the wealth. true Which one of the following television shows depicts white working-class women as more competent than their husbands? Orphan Black the simpsons Most states tax tampons, sanitary pads and feminine hygiene products as "non essential luxury items" making them unaffordable for homeless girls and women. true What percentage of nail salon workers are women - some of whom were found to have been abused by salon/employers who were stealing their wages, verbally and physically abusing them, racially discriminating against them and exposing them to highly toxic chemicals? 77 97 The #BlackLivesMatter platform focuses upon more than the issue of law enforcement violence against people of color. true Select the two parts of the framework plan of #BlackLivesMatter in their year of Resistance and Resilience. focus upon social media as the form of activist change create government resolutions that declare the value of Black life focus only upon public protests and marches push for legislation that grades police departments upon how they police communities of color with a penalty of loss of funding if they fail push for legislation that grades police departments upon how they police communities of color with a penalty of loss of funding if they fail create government resolutions that declare the value of Black life The association of Asians as the "model minority" is a racist one as it generalizes a diverse group of people while ignoring past and present-day discrimination and wide disparities among different Asian groups. true Which one of the following statements accurately describes the phrase "walking while Black"? Black people are being unruly merely walking in public Black people are being unruly merely walking in public In 2012, nearly two-thirds of Hispanics living in the U.S. were born in the U.S.. true Which one of the following characteristics remains a persistent problem for most Native American communities in the United States? investment in education poverty Which one of the following statements is not associated with the concept of white privilege? Whites benefits from a historical foundation of racial discrimination. White privilege is static and undifferentiated. Select the factors that influence most of why women with their children from Central America (El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala) are fleeing to the United States. high murder rates in their country gang violence, domestic violence, high murder rates One reason why access to reproductive health clinics is so important is because black women are twice as likely to die from cervical cancer and are more likely to die from breast cancer. true Research has found what percentage of black women agree that women should be trusted to make their own reproductive choices? 95 85 What was Cherokee Chief Wilma Mankiller's first experience with community activism for her nation? to open a health clinic in each town on the reservation get local schools to stop using racist and offensive mascots depicting Native Americans get the community to lay their own water lines so they will have running water to their homes to get electricity to the homes in her community get the community to lay their own water lines so they will have running water to their homes In women's gender and sexuality studies, the word "embodiment" refers to how our bodies are and interact with the fashion world to look glamourous. false Which one of the following accurately describes the term "controlling images"? comical photos of actors selected by their Hollywood film and television agents for public viewing vintage Hollywood publicity still photos taken during the silent film era realistic images of working-class white people with their families stereotypical or idealized images that allow an elite group power over those portrayed in these representations stereotypical or idealized images that allow an elite group power over those portrayed in these representations Historically, during periods when women seek power and control, global fashion promotes a thin, constricting beauty ideal that reduces women to a childish look. true Colorism is a prejudice that validates differential treatment for light-skinned people and continues to exist only among African Americans. false The "male gaze" is a perspective that men can only adopt - where they objectify, fragmentize and commodify women's bodies. false Which answer best defines the term "feminine apologetic" in discussions about gender, fashion and politics? professional requirements of women to wear make-up and skirts how feminine items like pearls or ruffles on women's professional attire are done as to not to be considered "too masculine/powerful" or a "lesbian" Which aspect of the history and modern reality of feminism and fashion was NOT discussed in the article? Women of color consciously and unconsciously fashioning themselves in ways that diminish racial difference the popularity of military uniform details and camouflage in women's fashion to communicate power and toughness Which example was NOT mentioned by the article analyzing the racist and sexist ways that some media talk about the bodies and appearance of tennis champions Serena and Venus Williams? their dedication to
training and developing bodies and skills that excel in their chosen sport their dedication to training and developing bodies and skills that excel in their chosen sport Which statistic and/or fact was NOT mentioned in the article on sexist ads? only 3% of women in ads are featured in managerial positions Research evidence finds no link between gender representations in the media and notions of gender equality and personal self-esteem Read the article "Stomp the Runway" and watch the video included at the bottom of the 2013 Rick Owens fashion show in Paris. Select ALL of the powerful ways that this fashion show broke barriers in the industry. The women wore powerful faces and shouted loud/strong calls It featured apparel that embodies movement, power and strength It featured primarily women of color It showed women as a united powerful force It featured real-bodied women, not waif-like women It featured the non-Euro centric dance of Stepping The women wore powerful faces and shouted loud/strong calls kinsey scale individuals were assigned ratings from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual 5 points between allowed for what we today call varying degrees of bisexuality issue: doesnt allow for both overt sexual experiences or psychosexual reactions klein grid 7 dimensions: sexual attraction, sexual behavior, sexual fantasies, emotional preference, social preference, heterosexual/homosexual lifestyle, self identification allows you to change over time: past present ideal homosociality social preference or the sex of those with whom you socialize
storms's scale the idea that sexual orientation should be based on the type, extend and frequency of a persons erotic fantasies whats the umbrella terms for all LGBTQQIAA queer queer theory an approach to social and cultural study which seeks to challenge or deconstruct traditional ideas of sexuality and gender esp. dichotomy of male and female traits L Lesbian G Gay B bisexual T Transgender/sexual Q Queer Q Questioning I intersex A Asexual - no sexual attraction A Ally - heterocentrism the belief that heterosexuality should be central and normal in contrast to other sexual orientations that are marginal, abnormal, and inferior compulsory heterosexuality a rule that all men be attracted to women and all women to men Heteronormativity A type of prejudice that claims that being heterosexual is the only normal option for an individual's sexual orientation. homonegativity negative attitudes about gay people sexual stigma The negative regard, inferior status, and relative powerlessness that society collectively accords to any nonheterosexual behavior, identity, relationship, or community internalized homophobia homonegative attitudes directed toward oneself Homophobia fear of and prejudice against homosexuality institutional homophobia a cultural ideology that is embodied in institutional practices that work to the disadvantage of sexual minority groups even in the absence of individual prejudice or discrimination defensive-expressive homophobia a type of homophobia in which individuals (men) express homophobia as a way to cope with anxiety over their own heterosexual masculinity Social-expressive homophobia Individuals try to gain the approval of others and enhance their own self-esteem by expressing homophobia value-expressive homophobia A type of homophobia in which individuals express homophobia as part of a broader value system of right and wrong, such as a conservative religious ideology. gender inversion where a person of one sex displays traits usually considered appropriate for a different sex Old definition of race informs concept of essentialism The idea that a race has a fixed and unchanging property unique to it and shared by all members E.g. a feature of appearance (skin color or nose shape) or certain genes Biology and racial classification Biology
and racial classification No racial group is known to universally and exclusively possess a gene or set of genes in common Abandoning the race concept Given the lack of a biological basis, some argue the term race should be abandoned Prefer racialization = recognizes that becoming marked by race is an action that happens to people rather than something that they are Keeping race to aid activism - use of inaccurate, essentialist labels to help to achieve important short-term political objectives ethnicity Cultural elements (religion, language, customs, etc.) that set a group apart from others For example = asian-american and Hmong - ethnicity originating from a region that includes china, laos, vietnam, thailand and myanmar Can overlap with race, for example is hispanic race or ethnicity? Not the same as nationality or origin group = hispanic race/ethnicity from mexico or colombia or cuba etc othering perception or representation of a person or group as fundamentally alien from another, frequently positioning them as other than the more powerful group For every $100 in accumulated wealth the average white american family how much does the average black american family have? $5 Connecting race and gender with socioeconomic status in america Growing income inequality has concentrated wealth among the richest americans Socio-economic status is connected to a variety of stereotypes particularly when combined with gender and/or race Cultural perceptions of economic equality are dramatically inaccurate quintile dividing a group into fifths, a method often used to look at distribution of income Measure of 5 groups used to study economic data, income data, stock data Asian americans and pacific islanders in america Often feel ignored: fall outside the common black/white dichotomy in the US Model minority: hard working, academically superior, loyal to family, obedient to authority, soft spoken, professionally successful Ignores significant variation across subgroups and overlooks past discrimination History of discrimination - asian americans Widespread discrimination from arrival in the 1880s: -Chinese exclusion act of 1882
Representations of black men Black men suffer several Sexualized black male implicit bias attitudes or stereotypes that affect our understanding, actions, and decisions in an unconscious manner ex. Disproportionate hyper representation of black men as criminal and or violent in the media movies TV music and culture leads people to have a dangerous and unfair implicit bias against all black men Latino threat narrative idea that illegal aliens from latin america were flooding the United States Dispelling the myth: Myth leads to racism against hispanic americans and unauthorized immigrants Indigenous americans/native americans Thought of as a single group but composed of hundreds of tribes Viewed as dying out, but birth rate higher than US average Representations of american indians largely build on pseudo history -Women are princesses or squaws Multiracial america In the 2010 census, 9 million people identify as multiracial Discrimination Unequal treatment of a class of people Differential treatment;unequal treatment of a class of people Disparate impact: equal treatment that nonetheless disadvantages one class of people versus another Total discrimination Effects of past discrimination can be cumulative and lasting Even when a group is being treated fairly today, they will be at a disadvantage relative to others: -History of slavery, colonization or immigration White privilege An invisible package of unearned assets that benefits white people Advantages of whiteness often invisible to them; think of it as neutral normal and universally available Also connected to class Privilege may be misleading -- rights more helpful other forms of privilege gender privilege, class privilege, cis-gender privilege, able-bodied privilege, heterosexual privilege, christian privilege, global north privilege embodiment the way our bodies are and interact with the world to create social meaning cultural artifacts anything created by humans which give info about the culture of its creator and users critical (social) media literacy ability to access, analyze, evaluate media in its context; with ability to critically analyze relationship between media and audience, information and power 1890s - women Late nineteenth century: voluptuous 1900s-1920s - women Flapper in vogue Boyish, flat-chested, small hips,
short hair Coincides with women's suffrage movement - right to vote New fad of slimming begins to try to fit this ideal. Later to become dieting controlling images (who?) Stereotypical or idealized images allow an elite group power over those depicted ; they disguise or mystify social relations (Patricia Hill Collins) 1940-1950s - women More glamorous style, more makeup New look in 1947; tighter corsets, longer skirts Anti-ethnic view led to invisibility for latin actors Hyper feminine fashion and curves reflect conservative, traditional values Rise of new media = magazines backlash theory (who?) political and cultural conservative reactions to progressive social or political change (Susan Faludi) 1960-1970 - women Return to thin ideal, similar to 1920s Rise in feminist activism results in hyper thin (like flapper) but now also childlike But views of beauty less standardized than ever A variety of racial and ethnic looks seen as attractive Ideals of beauty within african american communities: -From 19th century to 50s, middle class blacks were pressured by racism and segregation to value light skinned beauty ideal and to play respectability politics -Black power movement = black is beautiful movement 1980s - women Return to the hourglass Resurgent conservatism brought a backlash against women's rights movement and accompanying beauty ideals But real muscle on models embodies some gender equality 1990s - women Glamazons and waifs Progressive era of gay rights third wave feminism - where feminism meets pop culture Return to hyper think ideal similar to 1920s , 1970s Typified by models like kate moss or tv show ally mcbeal 2000-2010 - women Marked by an opening of beauty standards Introduction of internet and reality tv increased avenues to fame = new media More people can produce variety of controlling images Fuller more hourglass figure preferred in more conservative eras 1930-1950s, 1980s Smaller less curvy ideal common in eras when women assert political power 1920s 1960-70s 1990s 1666-1800s - men England's king charles II moved to simplify court dress beginning of the great masculine renunciation of elaborate clothing Conspicuous consumption see nas effeminate 1800s : as middle class overtook the aristocracy as major political force plain clothing represented thrift self control modest Fancy dress of aristocracy seen as sign of unmanliness 1890s - men Ideal of athletic muscular man A way for men to demonstrate their manliness in an increasingly urban. Corporate world Threats to gender race and class privileges 1907-1950s - men Broad shoulders, strong jaw, chiseled features The new american man Masculinity as powerful, wealthy, strong in times of war and later prosperity Informs respectability politics as civil rights movement begins 1960s - men Peacock revolution bold colors and patterns Reflects cultural political change with civil rights movement Rise of the afro out of the black power movement anti -establishment culture hippie embraces unisex fashion and love in response to violence of assassinations 1970s More bold colors, plus the rugged masculinity of the marlboro man End of progressive era sees struggle over notions of masculinity and race But also the complicated masculinity of Bruce Lee defined by domination of other men Symbolic of race/class struggle 1980s - men The hypermuscular ideal Sylvester stallone and arnold schwarzenegger = introduces the retributive man narrative/image Conservative political era = hyper masculine traditional May be an attempt by men to distinguish themselves from women in face of increasing equality Men now also shown as sex objects ,not breadwinners or authority figures 1990s - men The metrosexual Coexisting with the muscular ideal High income well groomed spends money on clothes and accessories New eroticism and overt sexuality. Does not communicate sexual orientation Progressive era = more androgynous effeminate sexuality 2000-2010 - men The slim ideal Again coexisted with muscular ideal Black and hispanic celebrities among those considered most attractive Two almost-opposing masculinities communicates class, race and political binary beauty myth (who?) the pressure of unrealistic beauty standards to be thin, young, perfect is a political reaction to feminist progress (Naomi Wolf) ideal viewer an ideal, imagined viewer (of images) who is a white male and expected to take heterosexual pleasure from the image male gaze (who?) when women survey themselves as the ideal viewer to determine how men would view them (Laura Mulvey) Objectification and self-objectification happens when men are judged by what they accomplish and women judged by how they look - seeing a person or yourself as an object Other sets by this creatorMass Media Midterm40 terms gem1326 WGST Final: Ch. 8, 9, 10 & 1162 terms gem1326 WGST Final62 terms gem1326 Ch. 12 Mass Media Literacy (Dr. Crane)17 terms gem1326 Verified questionsSOCIOLOGY Many people appear to be less interested in religion during their teenage years. This might be seen in failing church attendance for the age group. Using your sociological imagination suggest some reasons for this apparent lack of interest. Consider developmental (age) and social factors. Depending on your answer what suggestion might you make to religious organisations looking for ideas on how to keep teenagers involved and active? Verified answer
SOCIOLOGY Indicate whether these statements best reflect a folkway (F), a more (M), a law (L), or a value (V). a. norm against cursing aloud in church b. norm encouraging eating three meals daily c. idea of progress d. norm against burning a national flag e. norm encouraging sleeping in a bed f. norm prohibiting murder g. norm against overtime parking h. idea of freedom Verified answer SOCIOLOGY Can secret observation of people ever be considered ethical? Why or why not? Verified answer
SOCIOLOGY Complete the sentence using each term once. a. monogamy b. polyandry c. polygyny d. exogamy e. endogamy f. homogamy g. patrilineal h. blended family i. dual-employed marriage j. boomerang kids. _________ is the marriage within one’s own group as required by social norms. Verified answer Recommended textbook solutionsAnderson's Business Law and the Legal Environment, Comprehensive Volume23rd EditionDavid Twomey, Marianne Jennings, Stephanie Greene 369 solutions
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