Which of the following manual handling tasks is not deemed a safe lifting practice?

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For many businesses, manual tasks (commonly known as manual handling), are an important part of getting the job done.

A manual task involves using your body to lift, lower, push, pull, carry, or otherwise move, hold, or restrain any person, animal, or thing. Examples of manual tasks include stacking shelves, working on a conveyor line, and entering data into a computer.

Not all manual tasks are hazardous. It is therefore necessary to identify those tasks that are hazardous and ensure they are adequately managed.

What are hazardous manual tasks?

A manual task becomes hazardous when one or more of the following risk factors are present:

• repetitive or sustained force
• high or sudden force
• repetitive movement
• sustained or awkward posture
• vibration.

What are MSDs?

Hazardous manual tasks are one of the main causes of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs).

MSDs include injuries such as sprains and strains of muscles, ligaments, tendons and joints. These injuries can have long-term, costly impacts on your workers and your business.

Parts of the body that are commonly affected include the back, neck, shoulder, elbow, wrist, abdomen, and knees.

MSDs most commonly occur from repeated exposure and gradual wear and tear to these parts of the body. More than a third of the workers compensation claims in NSW are MSDs, with the majority of these being caused by hazardous manual tasks.

Legal obligations

A person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU) must manage risks to health and safety relating to a MSD that are associated with a hazardous manual task. This is a legal requirement under the Work Health and Safety (WHS) Regulation 2017 – Clause 60.

To manage risk, a duty holder must:

• identify hazards that could give rise to the risk
• eliminate the risk so far as is reasonably practicable
• if not reasonably practicable to eliminate the risk, minimise the risk by implementing control measures in accordance with the hierarchy of control
• maintain the control measure so that it remains effective
• review risk control measures.

Follow a simple risk management approach

The best way to effectively manage the risks associated with a hazardous manual task is to talk to your workers and follow a systematic process that involves:

• identifying manual tasks that are hazardous
• if necessary, assessing the risks of injury associated with the hazardous manual task
• implementing high level risk control measures
• reviewing the effectiveness of control measures.

For a simple summary of this process, refer to the risk management process for hazardous manual tasks flowchart (PDF, 332.29 KB).

Further information

Hazardous manual tasks – overview (PDF, 6060.42 KB)

Hazardous manual tasks: Risk management worksheet (PDF, 102.77 KB)

This is a legal requirement under the WHS Regulation 2017 – Part 3.1 and Clause 60.

Consulting your workers

You must consult with your workers who are affected, or likely to be affected by the hazardous manual task. If your workers have a health and safety representative, you must also consult with them. This is a legal requirement under the WHS Act 2011 – Sections 46-49.

Hazards that arise from manual tasks generally involve interaction between a worker and:

• the work tasks and how they are performed
• the tools, equipment and objects handled
• the physical work environment
• the systems of work (including psychosocial factors).

Your workers should be the key source of information on the demands of their job. Ask them:

• What makes them sore at work?
• When do they feel discomfort?
• What jobs do they avoid doing?

Those businesses that actively consult with their workers have much better safety outcomes than those who do not.

Identify the issues

When a worker is required to perform a manual task, look for the following factors that make the task hazardous, therefore increasing the likelihood of a worker getting hurt:

• forceful exertions, such as pushing, pulling, lifting and gripping
• awkward postures, such as bending, over-reaching, arching and twisting
• vibrations to the hands, arm or body
• movements or forces that are repetitive (more than two per minute) and/or sustained (held for more than 30 seconds)
• the duration of the task and movements: look at how long the task is performed for, continually without a break and over the entire shift.

If a worker is exposed to one or more of these factors, you need to understand the reason why they are exposed and identify the source of risk.

Sources of risk

These are the things that are responsible for a risk factor being present:

• workplace design and layout e.g., suitable working heights
• systems of work including organisational and psychosocial factors e.g., work rate, lack of job control
• work environment e.g., poor lighting
• the nature, size, weight or number of persons, animals or things involved in the task e.g., tools and equipment design.

Before making any decisions on what control(s) should be developed or implemented, you must consider the source of risk (referred to as ‘relevant matters’ in the legislation). This is a requirement under the WHS Regulation 2017 – Clause 60 (2).

Fix the problem

The most effective and reliable way to fix hazardous manual tasks is to follow and adhere to the hierarchy of control. In fact, the work health and safety regulations state that a business MUST work through this hierarchy when choosing a control measure to implement.

Eliminating the risk is the most effective control measure and involves eliminating the hazardous manual task and its associated risk. If it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the risk, then you must follow the hierarchy in order to minimise the risks.

Providing ‘how to lift safely’ training must not be used as the sole or primary means to control hazardous manual tasks. This type of control is not effective in fixing the problem

To implement the most effective controls, you must:

• Identify the source(s) of risk:
  • workplace environmental conditions
  • the design of the work area
  • the layout of the workplace
  • the systems of work used, and
  • the nature, size, weight or number of persons, animals or things involved in carrying out the hazardous manual task
• Start at the top of the hierarchy of control.
• Talk with workers to identify appropriate controls.
• Enable workers to trial controls and give their feedback before decisions are made to make them permanent.
• Communicate the reasons for the change to workers and others.
• Ensure that any equipment used in the manual task is properly maintained.
• Provide training and supervision to ensure workers can competently implement the risk controls.

Training should include information about manual tasks risk management, specific manual tasks risks and how to control them.

This is a legal requirement under the WHS Regulation – Part 3.1 and Clause 60.

Designers, manufacturers, suppliers and importers

The best time to eliminate and minimise the risk of injury is in the design and planning stage – when hazards and risks can be ‘designed out’ before they are introduced into a workplace.

Ergonomic principles should be applied in the design stage. This means that a job and workplace should be designed to fit the people doing the task, not the reverse. It involves consideration and understanding of how people interact with the work environment, tools and equipment.

Designers, manufacturers, importers and suppliers of plant and structures have duties under the WHS Act to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, that structures and products are without risks to health and safety when used for a purpose for which they were designed or manufactured.

Design of a workplace

Designers of buildings used as workplaces should consider the manual tasks that may be performed throughout the lifecycle of the building, from construction through to use, maintenance, refurbishment and potential demolition.

Some types of workplaces, such as hospitals, nursing homes, warehouses and distribution centres, that carry out a high level of manual tasks will require particular design requirements to eliminate and minimise the risk of MSDs.

Design of plant

The safe design of plant can play a critical role in reducing the risk of injury for workers. When designing plant, consider all phases of its life, including manufacture, cleaning and servicing.

If practicable, trial a prototype in a range of operating conditions and think about the plant will be used and change any aspect of the design that increases the risk of injury.

This is a legal requirement under the WHS Regulation –  Clause 61.

'How to lift' training

HWSA position paper

The Heads of Workplace Safety Authorities (HWSA) Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD) national working group has developed a national position on ‘how to lift’ training (HTL training), with the aim being to reduce reliance on HTL training as a means of controlling hazardous manual task related hazards, and to inform business and industry of how hazardous manual tasks should be managed.

Read the position paper

Read the position paper FAQs (PDF, 70.78 KB)

Effectiveness of lifting technique training

Lifting technique training continues to be used as a primary way to control manual task risks in the workplace. However, the research evidence shows that providing lifting technique training is not effective in minimising the risk of injury from manual tasks.

The main reason lifting technique training is not effective is because the risk factors causing the problem are not changed. Even if workers attempt to apply ‘safe lifting’ techniques, they may still be exposed to a serious injury risk

The evidence

The Cochrane Collaboration

The Cochrane Collaboration conducted a systematic review in 2011 to determine the effectiveness of manual handling advice and training and the use of assistive devices in preventing and treating back pain in workers.

Cochrane found moderate evidence to prove manual handling advice and training is no more effective at preventing back pain related disability than having no intervention.

Verbeek , J., Martimo , K., Karppinen, J., Kuijer , P., Viikari-Juntura, E., & Takala, E. (2011). Manual material handling advice and assistive devices for preventing and treating back pain in workers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (6), Art. No.: CD005958. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005958.pub3

British Medical Journal

In 2008, research published in the British Medical Journal, concluded 'there is no evidence to support use of advice or training in working techniques for preventing back pain or consequent disability'.

The training interventions that were studied focused on lifting techniques, with training duration varying from a single session to training once a week for two years.

Martimo, K., Verbeek, J., Karppinen, J., Furlan, A., Takala, E., Kuijer , P., … Viikari-Juntura, E. (2008). Effect of training and lifting equipment for preventing back pain in lifting and handling: systematic review. British Medical Journal, 336(7641), 429—431. doi:10.1136%2Fbmj.39463.418380.BE

Postal workers study

In this study, approximately 4000 US postal workers were involved in a randomised control trial* for more than five years from 1985 to 1990, to test the effectiveness of manual handling training.

The study included workers and supervisors being taught principles of back safety, core lifting and handling posture, exercises and pain management. A refresher training session occurred six months later and then on a yearly basis.

The study concluded that:

• the training program did not reduce the rate of lower back injury
• there was no significant difference in the median cost per injury
• there was no difference in the rate of musculoskeletal disorders or handling behaviours.

Half way through the study, a survey was conducted to measure knowledge gained and behaviour changes made by the group. The survey found significant increases in the knowledge of safe lifting behaviour among workers, but no significant improvement in actual lifting behaviour or reduction in reported discomfort.

Daltroy, L., Iversen, M., Larson, M., Lew, R., Wright, E., Ryan, J., … Liang, M. (1997). A controlled trial of an educational program to prevent low back injuries. The New England Journal of Medicine, 337(5), 322—328.

Participative ergonomics for manual tasks (PErforM)

Participative Ergonomics for Manual Tasks (PErforM) is a simple manual task risk management program based on participative ergonomics, an internationally recommended approach for reducing musculoskeletal disorders.

Resources

MSD Symposium 2018

The MSD Symposium featured international and national experts in the field of musculoskeletal disorders.

MSD Symposium presentations

Videos

This video provides simple, clear advice on how to reduce sprains and strains at your workplace.

SafeWork NSW material

• Hazardous manual tasks – overview (PDF, 6060.42 KB)
• Code of Practice – Hazardous Manual Tasks (PDF, 1499.23 KB)
• Hazardous Manual Task systems self-assessment tool (PDF, 263.07 KB)
• Hazardous manual tasks fact sheet (PDF, 1102.68 KB)
• Hazardous manual tasks flowchart (PDF, 332.29 KB)
• Hazardous manual tasks: risk management worksheets (PDF, 1419.5 KB)
• Hazardous manual task training fact sheet (PDF, 138.3 KB)
• Managing Musculoskeletal Disorder risks guide – Hazardous Manual Tasks (non-clinical) in Aged Care (PDF, 223.07 KB)
• Toolbox Talk – Musculoskeletal Disorders (PDF, 104.86 KB)
• Musculoskeletal disorder strategy 2017 - 2022
• Safe design and use of stairs (PDF, 98.59 KB)
• Translated hazardous manual task overview:
• Arabic (PDF, 1125.35 KB)
• Chinese – simplified (PDF, 1311.65 KB)
• Chinese – traditional (PDF, 1234.91 KB)
• Hindi (PDF, 1159.84 KB)
• Vietnamese (PDF, 1102.29 KB)

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