What is critical thinking? Show
intentional higher level reasoning process that is intellectually delineated by ones worldwide, knowledge, and experience with skills, attitudes, and standards as a guide for rational judgment and action. Importantly, critical thinking is an essential component of professional accountability and quality nursing care Why is creativity so important for critical thinking? it results in the development of new ideas and products -It is the ability to develop and implement new and better solutions for health care outcomes What techniques do nurses use to ensure effective problem solving and decision making? critical analysis, inductive and deductive reasoning, making valid inferences, differentiating facts from opinions, evaluating the credibility, of information sources, clarifying concepts, and recognizing assumptions What attitudes does critical thinkers need to develop? Independence, Fair-minded, Insight into Egocentricity, Intellectual Humility, Intellectual courage to challenge the status quo and rituals, integrity, perseverance, confidence, and curiosity What is the nursing process? -a systemic, rational method of planning and providing individualized nursing care -The phases: assessing, diagnosing, planning, implanting, and evaluating the nurse obtains info that clarifies the nature of the problem and suggests possible solutions, The nurse then carefully evaluates the possible solutions and chooses the best one to implement. What are some commonly used approaches to problem solving? Trial and error, Intuition, and the Research process What is the first step in the nursing process and describe it? Assessing- systemic and continuous collection, organization, validation, and documentation of data it contains all the information about a client What are the two different types of data? -Objective, also referred to as signs-detected by observer -Subjective, also referred to as symptoms-the person affected tells you
What are the different sources of data? Can be primary or secondary -Client- Primary source and the best source -Support people- secondary (family, friends, and caregivers) -Client records- documents- secondary -Health care professionals- secondary -Literature- secondary What are the different ways to collect data? Observing, Interviewing, and examining What is the purpose of observation? To see any clinical signs of distress, any threats to the clients safety, the functioning of the clients equipment, and the immediate environment What is the purpose of the interview? Its a planned communication to receive certain info. The 2 approaches are directive interview(elicits specific info) and nondirective interview (client is controlling the interview) What are the different types of interview questions? closed questions, open-ended questions, neutral questions, and leading questions What type of questions should be avoided? What are some considerations when it comes to the interview? time, place, setting arrangement, distance, and Language What are the stages of the interview? The opening, The body, and the closing What does the physical examination or physical assessment involve? Data collection that uses observation to detect health problems. To conduct the examination the nurse uses inspection, auscultation, palpation, and percussion What are the different approaches to the examination? -Head-to-toe -Body systems -screening examination, also called the review of systems and is a brief review What are some different formats nurses use to organize the clients data? -Gordon's functional health pattern framework -Orem's self-care model -Roy's adaption model What do nurses use wellness models for? to assist clients to identify health risks and to explore lifestyle habits and health behaviors, beliefs, values, and attitudes that influence levels of wellness. What are some nonnursing frameworks nurses may use to help organize data? -Body Systems Model -Maslow's Hierarchy of needs -Developmental theories What must be done after gathering data? Validation- all info gathered must be complete, factual, and accurate What is the second phase of the nursing process and what is done here? Analyzing- Nurses use critical thinking skills to interpret assessment data and identify client strengths and problems What is the difference in diagnosing and diagnosis? -Diagnosing refers to the reasoning process -Diagnosis is a statement or conclusion regarding the nature of a phenomenon What are the different types of nursing diagnosis? -Actual diagnosis -Health promotion diagnosis -Risk diagnosis -Wellness diagnosis Give an example of an actual diagnosis. Ineffective Breathing Pattern and anxiety -It is the problem present at the time Give an example of a health promotion diagnosis. -Readiness for Enhance Nutrition -These diagnosis are trying to improve the clients health condition Give an example of a risk nursing diagnosis. -Risk for infection -these are labels that indicate a problem is likely to develop w/out intervention Give an example of a wellness diagnosis. - Readiness for Enhanced Spiritual Wellbeing -These labels describe human responses to levels of wellness in an individual What three components does the nursing diagnosis have? 1. the problem and its definition 2. the etiology 3. the defining characteristics What is the difference in a nursing diagnosis and a Medical diagnosis? Nursing diagnosis are based on nursing judgments and refers to a condition that nurses can treat. But a Medical diagnosis refer to disease processes Why do nurses prefer to use nursing diagnosis rather then collaborative problems? because the nursing diagnosis are more individualized to a specific client and emphasize human responses to which the nurse can independently take action What are the 3 steps of the diagnostic process? -analyzing data -Identify health problems, risk, and strengths -Formulating diagnostic statements (must be NANDA approved) In the diagnostic process, what does analyzing involve? 1. Compare data against standards (identify significant cues) 2. Cluster the cues (generate tentative hypotheses) 3. Identify gaps and inconsistencies What is a standard or norm? is a generally accepted measure, rule, model, or pattern When is a cue considered significant? -when it points to negative/positive change in the clients health status -Varies from norms of the client population -Indicates a development delay What do nurses cluster data to determine? to determine the relatedness of facts and determining whether any patterns are present and whether the data is significant What happens after the data is analyzed? the nurse and client identify strengths and problems When determining risks and problems, what must the nurse determine? Whether the clients problem is a nursing diagnosis, medical diagnosis, or a collaborative problem What is the basic two-part diagnostic statement? 1. Problem: statement of the client's response 2. Etiology: factors contributing to or probable causes of the responses What is the Basic three-part diagnostic statement? 1. Problem: statement of the client's response 2. Etiology: Factors contributing to or probable causes of the response 3. Signs and Symptoms: defining characteristic manifested by the client What is a one-part diagnostic statement? the diagnostic label is the only thing needed What are ways a nurse can avoid diagnostic errors? -Verify -Build a good knowledge base and acquire clinical experience -Have a working knowledge of what is normal -Consult resources -Base diagnosis on patterns -Improve critical thinking skills What is the planning stage of the nursing process? the nurse refers to the clients assessment data and diagnostic statement for direction in formulating clients goals and designing the nursing interventions required to prevent, reduce, or eliminate the clients health problems When does planning begin and end at? it begins with the first client contact and continues until the nurse-client relationship ends What are the different types of planning? -Initial Planning: initiated as soon as possible after initial assessment -Ongoing Planning: this is done by all the clients nurses and may change with the response of the client -Discharge planning: for needs after client leaves What is an informal nursing care plan? its a strategy of action that exists in the nurse's mind What is a formal nursing care plan? Written or computerized guide organizing information for client care. Benefit - Provides for continuity of care What is a standardized care plan? A formal plan that specifies the care for groups of clients with common needs. What is a individualized care plan? is tailored to meet the unique needs of a specific client- needs that are not addressed by the standardized plan What does the complete plan of care for a client consist on? -describe the routine care needed to meet basic needs -address the clients nursing diagnosis and collaborative problems -specify nursing responsibilities in carrying out the medical plan of care What do standards of care mean? most agencies have devised a variety of standardized plans for providing essential nursing care to specified groups or for clients with certain needs in common They are like standards of care; they are predeveloped to indicate the actions commonly required for a particular group of clients. What four sections are usually included in a nursing care plan? 1. problem/nursing diagnosis 2. goals/desired outcomes 3. nursing interventions 4. evaluation What is a multidisciplinary Care Plan (Collaborative)(critical pathways)? -standardized plan outlining care for clients with common, predictable, medical conditions - care given on each day during the projected length of stay for their condition In the process of developing client care plans, what activities does the nurse engage in? -Setting priorities -Establishing client goals/desired outcomes -Selecting nursing interventions and activities -Writing individualized nursing interventions on care plans When nurses are setting their priorities in their plan, what is frequently used? Maslow's hierarchy of needs What is the Nursing Outcomes Classification? A taxonomy for describing client outcomes that respond to nursing interventions What purpose do outcomes/goals serve? 1. provide direction for planning nursing interventions 2. Serve as criteria for evaluating clients progress 3. Enable the client and nurse to determine when the problem has been resolved 4. Help motivate the client and nurse by providing a sense of achievement Where are goals and outcomes derived from? the clients nursing diagnosis- primarily from the diagnostic label What are the components of the Goal/ Outcomes statement? -Subject: the client -Verb: the action the client is to perform -Conditions or modifiers: explains the circumstance -Criterion of desired performance: the level at which the client will perform it What are the guidelines for writing goals/desired outcomes? - Write them in terms of clients response: Ex. The client will ... -Be sure the goal is realistic -Ensure the goals are compatible w/ the therapies of other professional -Each goal should come from one Nursing Dx - Use observable, measurable terms -Make sure the client considers these goals important What are the different types of nursing interventions? -Independent intervention: nurses are licensed to do -Dependent Intervention: activities carried out under orders or supervision -Collaborative interventions: actions are carried out with others Format for written interventions verb, conditions, and a modifier plus a time element What reasons does a nurse write interventions fot? Should write interventions for observation, prevention, treatments, and health promotion What is the Implementing phase of the nursing process? the actual nursing activities and client responses are taking place To implement care successfully, nurses need... cognitive skills: problem solving, decision making, critical thinking, creativity interpersonal skills: verbal and nonverbal communication; appreciation of the client's cultural values and lifestyle technical skills: "hands-on" skills; require knowledge and frequently manual dexterity In which phase of the nursing process does the nurse use critical thinking skills to analyze the assessment data?During the evaluation phase, nurses use critical thinking to analyze reassessment data and determine if a patient's expected outcomes have been met, partially met, or not met by the time frames established.
What stage of the nursing process involves critical thinking?Assessment is the first step and involves critical thinking skills and data collection; subjective and objective.
In which step of the nursing process does the nurse analyze data and identify client problems quizlet?In which step of the nursing process does the nurse analyze data and identify client problems? In the assessment phase, the nurse gathers data from many sources for analysis in the diagnosis phase. In the diagnosis phase, the nurse identifies the client's health status.
Under which phase of the nursing process is analyzing and interpreting data included?Diagnosis/Analysis: The nurse identifies the actual and potential client problem(s) based on review and interpretation of the client data.
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Which of the following is the phase of the nursing process that nurses use critical thinking skills to interpret data to identify client problem?
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