Which of the following describes the defined time period for the action stage of change

Asked by emiliomill

The Transtheoretical Model (also called the Stages of Change Model), developed by Prochaska and DiClemente in the late 1970s, evolved through studies examining the experiences of smokers who quit on their own with those requiring further treatment to understand why some people were capable of quitting on their own. It was determined that people quit smoking if they were ready to do so. Thus, the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) focuses on the decision-making of the individual and is a model of intentional change. The TTM operates on the assumption that people do not change behaviors quickly and decisively. Rather, change in behavior, especially habitual behavior, occurs continuously through a cyclical process. The TTM is not a theory but a model; different behavioral theories and constructs can be applied to various stages of the model where they may be most effective. The TTM posits that individuals move through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. Termination was not part of the original model and is less often used in application of stages of change for health-related behaviors. For each stage of change, different intervention strategies are most effective at moving the person to the next stage of change and subsequently through the model to maintenance, the ideal stage of behavior.

Precontemplation - In this stage, people do not intend to take action in the foreseeable future (defined as within the next 6 months). People are often unaware that their behavior is problematic or produces negative consequences. People in this stage often underestimate the pros of changing behavior and place too much emphasis on the cons of changing behavior. 

Contemplation - In this stage, people are intending to start the healthy behavior in the foreseeable future (defined as within the next 6 months). People recognize that their behavior may be problematic, and a more thoughtful and practical consideration of the pros and cons of changing the behavior takes place, with equal emphasis placed on both. Even with this recognition, people may still feel ambivalent toward changing their behavior.

Preparation (Determination) - In this stage, people are ready to take action within the next 30 days. People start to take small steps toward the behavior change, and they believe changing their behavior can lead to a healthier life.

Action - In this stage, people have recently changed their behavior (defined as within the last 6 months) and intend to keep moving forward with that behavior change. People may exhibit this by modifying their problem behavior or acquiring new healthy behaviors.

Maintenance - In this stage, people have sustained their behavior change for a while (defined as more than 6 months) and intend to maintain the behavior change going forward. People in this stage work to prevent relapse to earlier stages.

Termination - In this stage, people have no desire to return to their unhealthy behaviors and are sure they will not relapse. Since this is rarely reached, and people tend to stay in the maintenance stage, this stage is often not considered in health promotion programs.  

Question 11

I am a third-year student nurse and am currently researching a case

study based on the biopsychosocial history of a patient who suffers from

chronic hepatitis C, which initially occurred as a result of injecting drugs.

I am confused about the biological effect of hepatitis: how exactly does it

affect the liver?

Question 12

What are the admission criteria for a case of acute viral hepatitis?

Question 13

I would like to know where I can find details on hepatitis B virus (HBV)

infection: chronic carrier, asymptomatic [normal liver function tests, HBV

DNA/real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 240 copies/mL, core

less than 0.1]. Does a patient with such a profile need therapy or fine

needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy? What is the possibility of hepatocellular

carcinoma (HCC) in such a patient?

Question 14

In chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, when anti-hepatitis B e

antibody (anti-HBe) develops (seroconversion), the antigen disappears

and there is a rise in alanine transferase (ALT). However, the graph in

your book (K&C 7e, p. 337, Fig. 7.16) seems to show a fall in ALT at this

point. Which is correct?

Question 15

Interferon can be used in prophylaxis from hepatitis C after exposure.

Could you explain how this can be used, and what degree of success can

be expected as a result?

Question 16

What is the latest recommended drug treatment for hepatitis C?

Question 17

Can hepatitis C disease be treated in a carrier state completely by giving

interferon?

Question 18

I am a carrier of hepatitis C (HCV) and am going to have antiviral

treatment soon. Are the side-effects of antiviral treatment for HCV bound

to occur? I am very worried.

Question 19

Besides needle-pricks, how else is it possible to contract hepatitis C from

a hepatitis C (HCV)-positive patient? Are the patient's skin/sweat (or

other bodily secretions) infectious?

Question 20

What is the risk of infection with hepatitis C from blood splashed into

the eyes?

Question 21

Hepatitis C (HCV): if results from the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

examination are inconclusive, what does this mean? Should further

investigations be undertaken and, if so, will there be a risk of chronicity?

Question 22

In a patient with hepatitis C and autoimmune hepatitis, can

corticosteroids be prescribed for the autoimmune hepatitis?

Question 23

We were told that the more vascular a structure is, the more antigen

(HLA/blood groups) matching is needed for transplantation, e.g. cornea

transplant needs no matching. However, the liver is a very vascular

 organ; I don't know why liver transplantation needs blood group

 matching only but renal transplantation needs much more HLA

 matching.