Which type of sensory receptor is associated with taste, smell, blood oxygen, and blood pH?
Which is the one sensory modality that does NOT necessarily make a synapse in the thalamus on its way to the cerebral cortex?
What does the law of specific nerve energies state?
A given sensory receptor is specific for a particular modality.
It is a single sensory neuron and all the receptors it innervates.
How is stimulus intensity coded for by sensory neurons?
frequency of action potentials and the number of receptors activated
What types of neurons detect changes in our internal and external environment?
A stronger stimulus will result in action potentials that are __________.
Receptors that detect changes in pressure would be categorized as __________.
__________ are receptors that respond to tissue damage, sending signals that our brain interprets as pain.
Specific neural pathways carrying specific sensory modalities are called __________.
A Pacinian corpuscle belongs to which class of receptors?
What is the relay center through which almost all sensory pathways transit to allow integration and selection of sensory information?
Which of the following eye components changes shape as it bends light, so that the light appropriately focuses on the photoreceptors?
Dog eyes have fewer cones and more rods than do human. How does their vision differ?
Dogs see fewer colors and have better vision in low light.
Hearing loss with aging (presbycusis) is relatively common. This is usually due to a combination of causes, such as genes and loud noises. For example, listening to loud music (especially through headphones), or working in very noisy conditions, may increase presbycusis. Damage to which signal transduction structures might lead to this hearing loss?
In which portion of the vestibular apparatus are the receptor cells that detect rotational acceleration located?
Which of the following statements regarding taste is true?
Each taste receptor has all four transduction mechanisms and responds more strongly to one of them.
The axons of olfactory receptor cells enter the CNS through ________.
holes in the cribriform plate
What do the sensory receptors for taste, smell, and pain have in common?
They all detect chemicals in fluids.
What is sensory transduction?
sensory receptors converting the energy of stimulation into receptor potentials
Which of the following is the most accurate definition of perception?
the conscious interpretation of the world around us
What type of receptor detects blood pressure?
According to the law of specific nerve energies, a single sensory receptor
responds best to a specific energy modality
The perception of the position of one's joints and limbs is called
The process whereby a sensory receptor converts a stimulus modality into a change in membrane potential is called
What is another name for a receptor potential produced at sensory receptors?
A ________ refers to a single afferent neuron and all of the sensory receptors associated with that neuron.
What is a region of skin that, when activated, will result in the change of activity within a particular afferent neuron?
How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded during information transmittal to the central nervous system?
The frequency of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a stronger stimulus
Which of the following statements about lateral inhibition is FALSE?
Lateral inhibition results in a stronger signal coming from second-order neurons associated with the central point of stimulation.
Which of the following would NOT affect our ability to resolve the location of a specific stimulus?
location of cell body of the afferent neuron
What is a decrease in the amplitude of a receptor potential in the presence of a continuing stimulus called?
What is the mechanism by which receptors convert stimulus energies into changes in membrane potential?
What is the form of energy associated with a particular stimulus type called?
What is a person's conscious interpretation of the external environment called?
What is the stimulus type to which a receptor responds the greatest called?
Which receptor type is used for sound waves?
Which receptor type is used to detect the stretch of specific blood vessels?
Which receptor type is used to detect photons of light?
Which receptor type is used to detect linear acceleration forward or backward?
Which receptor type is used to detect angular acceleration?
hair cells in semicircular canals
Proprioceptors provide the body with continuous information that changes little as a particular joint angle is maintained, and are therefore an example of ________ receptors.
All people have the same perception of the external environment.
Olfactory receptors are tonic (slowly adapting) receptors that detect odors.
The lips are the most sensitive to the two-point discrimination threshold because their receptive fields are relatively small.
Which of the following is not included in the somatosensory receptors?
Which of the following is a key difference between the dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalmic tract somatosensory pathways.
The dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway crosses to the contralateral side of the CNS in the medulla oblongata and the spinothalamic tract crosses over to the contralateral side in the spinal column.
Which receptor type are pain receptors?
Why does rubbing a painful area help relieve the pain?
the gate-control theory of pain modulation
Another name for an afferent neuron is ________ neuron.
What type of neuron in the thalamus communicates sensory information to the cerebral cortex?
The ability to detect the direction from which a sound originates is determined by
the time delay between that sound reaching the right and left cochlea.
Which of the following structures is NOT a mechanoreceptor located within the skin?
Which of the following BEST describes the response of thermoreceptor afferents when temperature decreases from 35°C to 25°C?
Warm-receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold-receptor afferents show an increase in the frequency of action potentials.
What are sensory receptors that respond to tissue-damaging stimuli or stimuli that have the potential to damage tissue?
What type of receptor responds to chemicals like histamine and bradykinin that are released from damaged tissue?
A person has damage to the right dorsal columns of the spinal cord at the thoracic level. This person would have impaired
touch sensation of the right leg.
Which of the following statements about the spinothalamic tract is FALSE?
The pathway crosses to the contralateral side in the brainstem.
Fast pain originating from nociceptors is perceived as a ________ pain and is carried along ________ fibers.
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter responsible for the transmission of a painful stimulus between first- and second-order neurons?
How are pain signals from visceral receptors "referred" to the body surface?
the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same second-order neurons
The gate-control theory of pain modulation states that
non-painful somatic signals can inhibit signals of pain.
Which of the following statements about sensory coding is FALSE?
The intensity of stimulus is coded for by the size of the action potential.
Amputation in diabetics is often secondary to what other problem with diabetes?
Which receptor type is used to detect intense mechanical stimuli?
Where does the dorsal column pathway cross over to the opposite side?
Where does the spinothalamic tract cross over to the opposite side?
Where is the termination of second-order neurons found?
Somatosensory receptors that lack identifiable specialized structures are called
Slow pain is mediated by what type of nociceptor?
The dorsal column-medial lemniscal pathway carries mechanoreceptive and proprioceptive information to the thalamus, whereas the spinothalamic tract carries thermoreceptive and nociceptive information.
Chemical nociceptors respond to chemical substances released by damaged tissue.
How is the amount of light allowed into the eye regulated?
contraction of the radial and circular muscles of the eye
All EXCEPT which of the following are characteristics of the cones?
high sensitivity to light
A 19-year-old male goes to the eye doctor because he is unable to see distant objects clearly, but he sees near objects fine. After examining him, the physician explains that his lens or cornea bends the light that enters the eye too much, causing it to focus in front of the retina. This condition is known as ___________.
What is the function of the retinal pigmented epithelium?
Absorb light that enters the eye.
The amount of light that impinges on the retina is primarily regulated by what structure?
The cornea and lens are ________ surfaces that cause light to converge on a ________.
What nourishes the lens and cornea?
Light waves refract as they pass through what structures of the eye?
In order to focus light coming from a near source onto the retina, the lens adjusts its refractive power through what process?
When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, the lens is relatively ________, allowing the eye to focus on objects that are ________.
Ciliary muscle is innervated by what branch of the nervous system?
In the visual system, activation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes which of the following?
pupillary constriction and an increase in the refractive power of the lens
Which of the following defects in vision is incorrectly matched with its cause?
astigmatism : hardening of the lens
What is a condition where light, originating from a distance, is focused in front of the retina?
What is a condition where light, originating from a close-up source, is focused behind the retina?
Which of the following describes irregularities in the structure of the cornea or lens?
The radial muscles of the iris are innervated by the ________ nervous system and their contraction causes pupillary ________.
The circular muscles of the iris are innervated by the ________ nervous system and their contraction causes pupillary ________.
parasympathetic : constriction
When the doctor shines a penlight into the patients eye, which of the following occurs?
The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the inner circular muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction.
Which of the following occurs during accommodation for near vision?
Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become slack, and the lens becomes rounder.
Which of the following is not a cell type found in the retina?
The lateral displacement of bipolar and ganglion cells within the macula lutea allow for
an unhindered pathway for light to reach the cones of the fovea.
What are the cones called that respond to the red spectrum of light?
Cones that respond to the shortest wavelengths of light (S cones) respond best to what color spectrum?
The light-absorbing portion of the photopigment is ________; its sensitivity to a particular wavelength of light is altered by ________.
The presence of cGMP in the cytosol of a photoreceptor will directly stimulate the
opening of sodium channels.
In the absence of light, the membrane potential of a photoreceptor is relatively ________ by the presence of open ________ channels
The closure of sodium channels is mediated by a decrease in the cytosolic concentration of ________, which is degraded by ________.
When we enter a dark room, the retinal and opsin molecules within the ________ must first ________ before low light levels can be detected.
Which of the following is true of photoreceptors in the light (relative to the dark)?
Phosphodiesterase is more active.
Disks of a photoreceptor are located in the ________ and contain ________.
outer segment : photopigment
Which of the following is the correct order of communication of visual information in the retina?
photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell
Photoreceptors transmit information directly to ________ cells via the release of a neurotransmitter, causing those cells to develop a(n) ________ potential proportional to the intensity of the stimulus.
The first neurons capable of generating action potentials in the transmission pathway for visual information detected by rods and cones are the ________ cells.
Which of the following best describes ON-center, OFF-surround cells in the retina?
They are ganglion cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields.
In the optic chiasm, ganglion cells from the ________ portion of the retina cross over, whereas the ganglion cells from the ________ portion of the retina remain on the same side.
The ganglion cells of the retina synapse with neurons in the ________ that ascend to the ________.
lateral geniculate body : primary visual cortex
The neural pathway from the lateral geniculate body to the visual cortex is called the optic
What is the tough connective tissue that makes up the "white" of the eye called?
What are the strands of connective tissue that connect the lens to muscles for accommodation called?
What is the first refractive structure through which light waves must pass as they enter the eye?
What is the hole through which light can enter the eye called?
What muscle is under parasympathetic control to regulate the refractive power of the lens?
What is the site of highest visual acuity?
The optic nerve exits the eye at what point?
Light striking what region of the retina is not detected by photoreceptors?
In which structure(s) is rhodopsin found?
Which of the following is the most abundant in the retina?
Which of the following is associated with high visual acuity?
Which of the following is most sensitive to light?
An increase in pressure within the eye due to expansion of the aqueous humor that can eventually compromise blood flow to the eye is called
The ________ is an indentation in the retina that contains the fovea.
Which of the following arranges the components of the neural pathway for vision in the correct order, starting with the photoreceptor and ending with the visual cortex?
photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex
Corrective lenses that are concave are used to correct myopia.
Along a large portion of the retina, light must pass through two layers of cells before reaching a photoreceptor.
The concentration of cGMP in a photoreceptor is relatively high in the dark, thereby maintaining rods and cones in the depolarized state.
Extensive convergence exists from the cones to the bipolar cells within the fovea.
Extensive convergence of rods onto bipolar cells allows for greater sensitivity to light.
The photoreceptors responsible for resetting the light/dark cycle contains a photopigment called melanopsin.
Information from the right visual field is perceived in the left visual cortex.
Depth perception requires visual input from both eyes
Sound waves traveling through the air initiate a vibration of the ________. The sound waves are then transmitted along the ________ to the cochlea.
tympanic membrane : ossicles
What is the function of the ear ossicles?
amplify sound waves as they are transmitted from the middle to the inner ear
The organ of Corti is located on what membrane?
The hair cells are embedded within endolymph, thus, when a potassium channel opens, potassium moves ________ the cell, causing it to ________.
Bending of the stereocilia on the hair cell can induce either a closure or an opening of a potassium channel based upon the
direction that the stereocilia move.
Frequency of sound is coded for by the
location of the hair cell stimulated.
In comparison to low pitch sound, high pitch sound will cause vibrations of the basilar membrane
closer to the oval window.
The transduction of sound waves into neural impulses occurs in the
Which of the following structures sits on the basilar membrane and contains the hair cells for sound?
What structure detects linear acceleration?
What structure includes the scala media, scala tympani, and the scala vestibule?
Which of the following connects the middle ear to the pharynx?
What transmits sound energy from the outer ear to the middle ear?
What structure detects rotational acceleration of the head?
Tips of stereocila for sound are embedded in what structure?
Auditory information is transmitted through the medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus to the cortex.