Which of the following constraints states that no primary key value can be null?

Integrity constraints over relations

�      A database is only as good as the information stored in it

�      A DBMS must help prevent the entry of incorrect information

�      An integrity constraint is a condition specified on the schema that restricts the data that can be stored

�      Integrity constraints are specified when you create tables in using SQL�s Data Definition Language (DDL)

Types of Integrity constrains

�      Application based constraints ������� (semantic integrity constraints)

�      Schema-based Constraints ������� (can be specified in the DDL)

�   Types of general constraints

�   Domain Constraint�must be atomic values

�   Key Constraint

�   Entity Integrity Constraint

�   Referential Integrity Constraint

Key Constraints

�      First we need to look at types of keys

�   Superkey

�   Any set of attributes in a relation that make a tuple unique

�   Candidate key

�   Primary Key

�   Foreign Key

�      Formal definition of Candidate Key

�   Let R be a relation with attributes A1, A2,...,An.

�   Let K (the candidate key)� be a set of attributes of R; ������������������������� K = {Ai, Aj,...,Ak}

�      K is a candidate key of R if and only if the following two properties are satisfied:

�    Uniqueness - At any given time, no two tuples of R have the same value for Ai,� Aj,..., and Ak.

�    Minimality - None of Ai, Aj,...Ak can be discarded from K without destroying the uniqueness property.

�      These two properties must be time independent.

Primary key

�      Choosing a primary key from the candidate keys is arbitrary

�      Primary keys are the only tuple-level addressing mechanism within the relation model.

�      Key integrity constraint states that ������� a tuple must have a Primary Key that ���� ���is unique and minimal

�      Entity integrity constraint states that �������� the Primary Key must not be NULL

�      All DBMS support this constraint

�      These constraints are specified on individual relations.

Foreign key

�      Specifies a constraint between two relations

Formal definition of a Foreign Key

�      Foreign Key is a set of attributes ������� FK = {A1, A2,...An}

�      FK is a foreign key of R1 if it satisfies two rules:

�    1.� FK has the same domain as the PRIMARY KEY of R2

�    We say FK refers to the relation R2

�    2.� A value of FK must occur as a value of the PRIMARY KEY

�    or the FK may be NULL.

Note about foreign keys:

�      The foreign key must refer to a primary key; they must have the same domain.

�      The foreign key does not have to be a primary key.

�      The foreign key can be NULL.

�      A foreign key can refer to its own relation.���

�   R1 and R2 need not be distinct.

�      You must specify two things for a foreign key: ������� 1) the attribute name(s) ������� 2) the relation to which it refers.

�      �Foreign to primary key matches represent the glue that holds the database together.

�      Look at the foreign keys in company DB.

The Company Database foreign keys

�      dept_location.dnumber references department

�      department.mgrssn� references employee

�      works_on.essn references employee

�      works_on.pno references project

�      project.dnum references department

�      dependent.essn references employee

�      employee.dno� references department

�      employee.superssn� references employee

Summary of constraints on a Relational Database

�      Domain Constraint

�   The value of each attribute A must be an atomic value from the domain for that attribute.

�      Key Constraint

�   A primary key must be unique and minimal.

�      Entity Integrity Constraint

�   No primary key value can be NULL

�      Referential Integrity Constraint

�   The value of a foreign key must match a value of the primary key in the relation to which it refers.

Constraints violations caused bydata manipulation

�      Manipulation is divided into retrievals or updates

�    Since retrievals don�t change anything, they do not violate constraints

�      There are three basic update operations:

�    Insert a tuple or tuples

�    Can violate any of the four types of constraints

�    Delete a tuple or tuples

�    Can modify only the referential integrity constraint

�    Modify a tuple or tuples

�    Usually the only problems occur when a primary or foreign key is modified.

Violations?

�      Tell which constraint they violate, if any. Choices:

�     Key ConstraintA primary key must be unique and minimal.

�     Entity Integrity Constraint No primary key value can be NULL

�     Referential Integrity Constraint� Foreign key violation

�      Insert <'Product A', 4, 'Belaire', 2> into project

�      Update the DNO of the employee tuple with ssn = 999887777 to 7.

�      Update the ssn of the employee tuple with ssn = 999887777 to 987654321

�      Delete the works_on tuple with essn=999887777 and pno = 10.

�      Insert <�Production', 4, '943775543'', '01-oct-88'> into department

�      Delete the employee tuple with� ssn = '987654321'.

�      Insert <'453453453', 'John', 'M', '12-dec-60', 'spouse'> into dependent.

�      Delete the project tuple with pno = 10

What if updates violate the integrity constraints?

�      Two choices:

�      1) Reject the operation that would result in an illegal state.

�      2) Accept the operation, cascade the results to keep the DB legal.

Which constraint states that primary key value can't be null?

Is null a integrity constraint?

When the primary key is null of the new tuple then the constraints violated is?

Which of the following statement is true * primary key value can not be changed none of these primary key have not a unique value primary key should be null?