Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations

Unformatted text preview: Chapter 1:Introduction to Psychology Collection Editor: Stephen E. Wisecarver Chapter 1:Introduction to Psychology Collection Editor: Stephen E. Wisecarver Authors: OpenStax Stephen E. Wisecarver Online: < > This selection and arrangement of content as a collection is copyrighted by Stephen E. Wisecarver. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 ( ). Collection structure revised: June 8, 2015 PDF generated: October 17, 2018 For copyright and attribution information for the modules contained in this collection, see p. 46. Table of Contents 1 1.0 Psychology Introduction 2 1.1 What Is Psychology? 3 1.2 History and Systems of Psychology 4 1.3 Contemporary Psychology 5 1.4 Careers in Psychology Glossary Index Attributions .................................................. ................... 1 ......................................................................... 5 ...................................... ................... 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 iv Available for free at Connexions < ; Chapter 1 1 1.0 Psychology Introduction Psychology is the scientic study of mind and behavior. (credit "background": modication of work by Nattachai Noogure; credit "top left": modication of work by U.S. Navy; credit "top middle-left": modication of work by Peter Shanks; credit "top middle-right": modication of work by "devinf"/Flickr; credit "top right": modication of work by Alejandra Quintero Sinisterra; credit "bottom left": modication of work by Gabriel Rocha; credit "bottom middle-left": modication of work by Caleb Roenigk; credit "bottom middle-right": modication of work by Staan Scherz; credit "bottom right": modication of work by Czech Provincial Reconstruction Team) Figure 1.1: This chapter will introduce you to what psychology is and what psychologists do. A brief history of the discipline will be followed by a consideration of major subdivisions that exist within modern psychology. The chapter will close by exploring many of the career options available for students of psychology. 1 This content is available online at < ;. Available for free at Connexions < ; 1 CHAPTER 1. 1.0 PSYCHOLOGY INTRODUCTION 2 1.1 References American Board of Forensic Psychology. Brochure. (2014). Retrieved from American Psychological Association. (2014). Retrieved from American ties in Psychological exercise and Association. sport Graduate (2014). psychology. Retrieved from training and career possibili- - 47/about/resources/training.aspx?item=1 American Psychological Association. Psychology as a career. (2011). Retrieved from Ashliman, D. L. (2001). Cupid and Psyche. In mythology. Folktexts: A library of folktales, folklore, fairy tales, and Retrieved from ∼dash/cupid.html Betancourt, H., & López, S. R. (1993). The study of culture, ethnicity, and race in American psychology. American Psychologist, 48, 629637. Black, S. R., Spence, S. A., & Omari, S. R. (2004). Contributions of African Americans to the eld of psychology. Journal of Black Studies, 35, 4064. The age of fable: Or, stories of gods and heroes. Bulnch, T. (1855). Boston, MA: Chase, Nichols and Hill. Buss, D. M. (1989). Sex dierences in human mate preferences: Evolutionary hypotheses tested in 37 cultures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12, 149. Physiology of Behavior (11th Carlson, N. R. (2013). ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson. Confer, J. C., Easton, J. A., Fleischman, D. S., Goetz, C. D., Lewis, D. M. G., Perilloux, C., & Buss, D. M. (2010). Evolutionary psychology. Psychologist, 65, Controversies, questions, prospects, and limitations. Crawford, M., & Marecek, J. (1989). Women Quarterly, 13, Psychology reconstructs the female 19681988. Psychology of 147165. Danziger, K. (1980). The history of introspection reconsidered. Sciences, 16, American 100126. Journal of the History of the Behavioral 241262. The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. London: John Murray. The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: John Murray. (2010). Fear not. gradPSYCH Magazine, 8, 38. Darwin, C. (1871). Darwin, C. (1872). DeAngelis, T. Department of Health and Human Services. (n.d.). Projected future growth of the older population. Retrieved from Endler, J. A. (1986). Natural Selection in the Wild. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Fogg, N. P., Harrington, P. E., Harrington, T. F., & Shatkin, L. (2012). real career paths and payos Franko, D. L., et al. (2012). Racial/ethnic dierences in adults in randomized clinical trials of binge Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, eating disorder. College majors handbook with (3rd ed.). St. Paul, MN: JIST Publishing. 186195. Friedman, H. (2008), Humanistic and positive psychology: The methodological and epistemological divide. The Humanistic Psychologist, 36, Gordon, O. E. 113126. (1995). A brief history of psychology. Retrieved from Greek Myths & Greek Mythology. The myth of Psyche and Eros. (2014). Retrieved from Green, C. D. (2001). Classics in the history of psychology. Retrieved from Monitor on Psychology, 35, 80. Are there too many psychology majors? Greengrass, M. (2004). 100 years of B.F. Skinner. Halonen, for the Sta J. of S. White paper: (2011). the State University System of Florida Board of Governors. Prepared Retrieved from Hock, R. R. (2009). Social psychology. history of psychological research Forty studies that changed psychology: Explorations into the (pp. 308317). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Available for free at Connexions < ; 3 Homan, C. (2012). Careers in clinical, counseling, or school psychology; mental health counseling; clinical social work; marriage & family therapy and related professions. Retrieved from ∼psyugrad/advising/docs/Careers%20in%20Mental%20Health%20Counseling.pdf Jang, K. L., Livesly, W. J., & Vernon, P. A. (1996). Heritability of the Big Five personality dimensions and their facets: A twin study. Journal of Personality, 64, 577591. Johnson, R., & Lubin, G. (2011). College exposed: What majors are most popular, highest paying and most likely to get you a job. Business Insider.com. Retrieved from - college-majors-highest-income-most-employed-georgetwon-study-2011-6?op=1 Knekt, P. P., et al. (2008). Randomized trial on the eectiveness of long- and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and solution-focused therapy on psychiatric symptoms during a 3-year follow-up. ical Medicine: A Journal of Research In Psychiatry And The Allied Sciences, 38, Psycholog- 689703. Landers, R. N. (2011, June 14). Grad school: Should I get a PhD or Master's in I/O psychology? [Web log post]. Retrieved from Macdonald, C. (2013). Health psychology center presents: What is health psychology? Retrieved from McCrae, R. R. & Costa, P. T. (2008). Empirical and theoretical status of the ve-factor model of personality traits. In G. J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D. H. Saklofske (Eds.), theory and assessment. Vol. 1 Personality theories and models. Michalski, D., Kohout, J., Wicherski, M., & Hart, B. (2011). vey. APA Center for Workforce Studies. The Sage handbook of personality London: Sage. 2009 Doctorate Employment Sur- Retrieved from - doc-empl/index.aspx Miller, G. A. (2003). The cognitive revolution: A historical perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 141144. Munakata, Y., McClelland, J. L., Johnson, M. H., & Siegler, R. S. (1997). Rethinking infant knowledge: Toward an adaptive process account of successes and failures in object permanence tasks. Review, 104, Psychological 689713. Mundasad, S. (2013). Word-taste synaesthesia: Tasting names, places, and Anne Boleyn. Retrieved from Monitor on Psychology, 40, 10. Becoming a nationally certied school psychologist Munsey, C. (2009). More states forgo a postdoc requirement. National Association of School Psychologists. (n.d.). (NCSP). Retrieved from Nicolas, S., & Ferrand, L. (1999). Wundt's laboratory at Leipzig in 1891. History of Psychology, 2, 194203. Norcross, J. C. (n.d.) Clinical versus counseling psychology: What's the di ? Available at ∼hcpsy002/Clinical%20Versus%20Counseling%20Psychology.pdf Norcross, J. C., & Castle, P. H. (2002). Appreciating the PsyD: The facts. O'Connor, J. J., & Robertson, E. F. (2002). John Forbes Nash. Eye on Psi Chi, 7, 2226. Retrieved from - groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/∼history/Biographies/Nash.html O'Hara, M. (n.d.). Historic review of humanistic psychology. Retrieved from Person, E. S. (1980). Sexuality as the mainstay of identity: Psychoanalytic perspectives. Signs, 5, 605630. Rantanen, J., Metsäpelto, R. L., Feldt, T., Pulkkinen, L., & Kokko, K. (2007). Long-term stability in the Big Five personality traits in adulthood. Riggio, day. R. E. Retrieved (2013). from What is Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 48, industrial/organizational psychology? 511518. Psychology To- - industrialorganizational-psychology Sacks, O. (2007). A neurologists notebook: The abyss, music and amnesia. The New Yorker. Retrieved from Shedler, J. (2010). The ecacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 65 (2), Available for free at Connexions < ; 98109. CHAPTER 1. 1.0 PSYCHOLOGY INTRODUCTION 4 Soldz, S., & Vaillant, G. E. (1999). longitudinal study. Thorne, B. M., The Big Five personality traits and the life course: Journal of Research in Personality, 33, 208232. & Henley, T. B. (2005). Connections in the history and systems of psychology A 45-year (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Miin Company. Tolman, E. C. (1938). The determiners of behavior at a choice point. Psychological Review, 45, 141. Digest of Education U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2013). Statistics, 2012 (NCES 2014-015). Weisstein, N. (1993). Psychology constructs the female: Or, the fantasy life of the male psychologist (with some attention to the fantasies of his friends, the male biologist and the male anthropologist). and Psychology, 3, Feminism 195210. Westen, D. (1998). The scientic legacy of Sigmund Freud, toward a psychodynamically informed psychological science. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 333371. Available for free at Connexions < ; Chapter 2 1 1.1 What Is Psychology? Psyche comes to represent the human soul's triumph over the misfortunes of life in the pursuit of true happiness (Bulnch, 1855); in fact, the Greek word buttery. The word psychology distinguished (Green, 2001). psyche means soul, and it is often represented as a was coined at a time when the concepts of soul and mind were not as clearly The root ology denotes scientic study of, and psychology refers to the scientic study of the mind. Since science studies only observable phenomena and the mind is not directly observable, we expand this denition to the scientic study of mind and behavior. The scientic study of any aspect of the world uses the scientic method to acquire knowledge. To apply the scientic method, a researcher with a question about how or why something happens will propose a tentative explanation, called a hypothesis, to explain the phenomenon. A hypothesis is not just any explanation; it should t into the context of a scientic theory. A scientic theory is a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time. A theory is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world. Armed with the hypothesis, the researcher then makes observations or, better still, carries out an experiment to test the validity of the hypothesis. That test and its results are then published so that others can check the results or build on them. It is necessary that any explanation in science be testable, which means that the phenomenon must be perceivable and measurable. For example, that a bird sings because it is happy is not a testable hypothesis, since we have no way to measure the happiness of a bird. We must ask a dierent question, perhaps about the brain state of the bird, since this can be measured. In general, science deals only with matter and energy, that is, those things that can be measured, and it cannot arrive at knowledge about values and morality. This is one reason why our scientic understanding of the mind is so limited, since thoughts, at least as we experience them, are neither matter nor energy. The scientic method is also a form of empiricism. An empirical method for acquiring knowledge is one based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities. It was not until the late 1800s that psychology became accepted as its own academic discipline. Before this time, the workings of the mind were considered under the auspices of philosophy. Given that any behavior is, at its roots, biological, some areas of psychology take on aspects of a natural science like biology. No biological organism exists in isolation, and our behavior is inuenced by our interactions with others. Therefore, psychology is also a social science. 2.1 MERITS OF AN EDUCATION IN PSYCHOLOGY Often, students take their rst psychology course because they are interested in helping others and want to learn more about themselves and why they act the way they do. Sometimes, students take a psychology course because it either satises a general education requirement or is required for a program of study such as nursing or pre-med. Many of these students develop such an interest in the area that they go on to declare 1 This content is available online at < ;. Available for free at Connexions < ; 5 CHAPTER 2. 1.1 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? 6 psychology as their major. As a result, psychology is one of the most popular majors on college campuses across the United States (Johnson & Lubin, 2011). A number of well-known individuals were psychology majors. Just a few famous names on this list are Facebook's creator Mark Zuckerberg, television personality and political satirist Jon Stewart, actress Natalie Portman, and lmmaker Wes Craven (Halonen, 2011). About 6 percent of all bachelor degrees granted in the United States are in the discipline of psychology (U.S. Department of Education, 2013). An education in psychology is valuable for a number of reasons. Psychology students hone critical thinking skills and are trained in the use of the scientic method. Critical thinking is the active application of a set of skills to information for the understanding and evaluation of that information. The evaluation of informationassessing its reliability and usefulness is an important skill in a world full of competing facts, many of which are designed to be misleading. For example, critical thinking involves maintaining an attitude of skepticism, recognizing internal biases, making use of logical thinking, asking appropriate questions, and making observations. Psychology students also can develop better communication skills during the course of their undergraduate coursework (American Psychological Association, 2011). Together, these factors increase students' scientic literacy and prepare students to critically evaluate the various sources of information they encounter. In addition to these broad-based skills, psychology students come to understand the complex factors that shape one's behavior. They appreciate the interaction of our biology, our environment, and our experiences in determining who we are and how we will behave. They learn about basic principles that guide how we think and behave, and they come to recognize the tremendous diversity that exists across individuals and across cultural boundaries (American Psychological Association, 2011). Watch a brief video Link to Learning: 2 that describes some of the questions a student should consider before deciding to major in psychology. 2.2 Summary Psychology derives from the roots psyche (meaning soul) and ology (meaning scientic study of ). Thus, psychology is dened as the scientic study of mind and behavior. Students of psychology develop critical thinking skills, become familiar with the scientic method, and recognize the complexity of behavior. 2.3 Review Questions Exercise 2.1 (Solution on p. 8.) Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed? a. critical thinking b. use of the scientic method c. critical evaluation of sources of information d. all of the above Exercise 2.2 Psyche (Solution on p. 8.) is a Greek word meaning ________. a. essence b. soul 2 Available for free at Connexions < ; 7 c. behavior d. love Exercise 2.3 (Solution on p. 8.) Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________. a. biology b. chemistry c. philosophy d. physics Exercise 2.4 (Solution on p. 8.) In the scientic method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________. a. observation b. measurement c. test d. proposed explanation Available for free at Connexions < ; CHAPTER 2. 1.1 WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? 8 Solutions to Exercises in Chapter 2 Solution to Exercise 2.1 (p. 6) Solution to Exercise 2.2 (p. 6) Solution to Exercise 2.3 (p. 7) Solution to Exercise 2.4 (p. 7) D B C D Available for free at Connexions < ; Chapter 3 1.2 History and Systems of Psychology 1 Psychology is a relatively young science with its experimental roots in the 19th century, compared, for example, to human physiology, which dates much earlier. As mentioned, anyone interested in exploring issues related to the mind generally did so in a philosophical context prior to the 19th century. Two men, working in the 19th century, are generally credited as being the founders of psychology as a science and academic discipline that was distinct from philosophy. Their names were Wilhelm Wundt and William James. This section will provide an overview of the shifts in paradigms that have inuenced psychology from Wundt and James through today. 3.1 WUNDT AND STRUCTURALISM Wilhelm Wundt (18321920) was a German scientist who was the rst person to be referred to as a psychol- ogist. His famous book entitled Principles of Physiological Psychology was published in 1873. Wundt viewed psychology as a scientic study of conscious experience, and he believed that the goal of psychology was to identify components of consciousness and how those components combined to result in our conscious experience. Wundt used introspection (he called it internal perception), a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed. Wundt's version of introspection used only very specic experimental conditions in which an external stimulus was designed to produce a scientically observable (repeatable) experience of the mind (Danziger, 1980). The rst stringent requirement was the use of trained or practiced observers, who could immediately observe and report a reaction. The second requirement was the use of repeatable stimuli that always produced the same experience in the subject and allowed the subject to expect and thus be fully attentive to the inner reaction. These experimental requirements were put in place to elimi...
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What is a broad explanation or group of explanations?

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Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis psychology quizlet?

What is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes?