Antibiotics are agents made from living microorganisms, synthetic manufacturing, and genetic engineering that are used to inhibit specific bacteria. They can be bacteriostatic, bactericidal, or both. Show
The major classes of antibiotics include: aminoglycosides, penicillins and penicillinase-resistant drugs, sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and antimycobacterials (e.g. antitubercular and leprostatic) Others include ketolides, lincosamides, lipoglycopeptides, macrolides, and monobactams.
Antibiotics: Generic and Brand NamesHere is a table of commonly encountered antibiotics, their generic names, and brand names:
Spotlight: Bacteria and Antibiotics
Aminoglycosides
Therapeutic ActionThe desired and beneficial action of aminoglycosides is:
IndicationsAminoglycosides are indicated for the following medical conditions:
Here are some important aspects to remember for indication of antibiotics in different age groups: Children This age group is very sensitive to GI and CNS adverse effects of antibiotics. Therefore, it is important to monitor their nutritional and hydration status while on therapy. Oral candidiasis as a superinfection is common in this age group which makes eating and drinking difficult. Fluoroquinolones are associated with damage to developing cartilage and are not recommended for growing children. In addition to this, pediatric dosages should be double-checked to decrease the risk for adverse effects. Most of all, parent education is important in cutting down the unnecessary use of antibiotics in children. Adults This age group has the tendency to cure simple manifestations with antibiotics. Therefore, it is important to educate them that antibiotics are effective only for certain bacteria and not for simple manifestations like common colds, which may be viral. Storage of unused pills for future infections and sharing antibiotics with symptomatic friends should be avoided and emphasized in health teachings. Older adults Assessing the problem and obtaining appropriate specimens for culture is especially important with this population. Older patients may be more susceptible to adverse effects of antibiotic therapy. PharmacokineticsHere are the characteristic interactions of aminoglycosides and the body in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion:
Contraindications and CautionsThe following are contraindications and cautions for the use of aminoglycosides:
Adverse EffectsUse of aminoglycosides may result to these adverse effects:
InteractionsThe following are drug-drug interactions involved in the use of aminoglycosides:
Carbapenems
Therapeutic ActionThe desired and beneficial action of carbapenems is:
IndicationsCarbapenems are indicated for the following medical conditions:
PharmacokineticsHere are the characteristic interactions of carbapenems and the body in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion:
Contraindications and CautionsThe following are contraindications and cautions for the use of carbapenems:
Adverse EffectsUse of carbapenems may result to these adverse effects:
InteractionsThe following are drug-drug interactions involved in the use of carbapenems:
Cephalosporins
Therapeutic ActionThe desired and beneficial action of carbapenems is:
IndicationsCephalosporins are indicated for the following medical conditions:
PharmacokineticsHere are the characteristic interactions of cephalosporins and the body in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion:
Contraindications and CautionsThe following are contraindications and cautions for the use of cephalosporins:
Adverse EffectsUse of cephalosporins may result to these adverse effects:
InteractionsThe following are drug-drug interactions involved in the use of cephalosporins:
Fluoroquinolones
Therapeutic ActionThe desired and beneficial action of fluoroquinolones is:
IndicationsFluoroquinolones are indicated for the following medical conditions:
PharmacokineticsHere are the characteristic interactions of fluoroquinolones and the body in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion:
Contraindications and CautionsThe following are contraindications and cautions for the use of fluoroquinolones:
Adverse EffectsUse of fluoroquinolones may result to these adverse effects:
InteractionsThe following are drug-drug interactions involved in the use of fluoroquinolones:
Penicillins and Penicillinase-Resistant Antibiotics
Therapeutic ActionThe desired and beneficial action of penicillins and penicillinase-resistant antibiotics is:
IndicationsPenicillins and penicillinase-resistant antibiotics are indicated for the following medical conditions:
PharmacokineticsHere are the characteristic interactions of penicillins and penicillinase-resistant antibiotics and the body in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion:
Contraindications and CautionsThe following are contraindications and cautions for the use of penicillins and penicillinase-resistant antibitiotics:
Adverse EffectsUse of penicillins and penicillinase-resistant antibiotics may result to these adverse effects:
InteractionsThe following are drug-drug interactions involved in the use of penicillins and penicillinase-resistant antibiotics:
Sulfonamides
Therapeutic ActionThe desired and beneficial action of sulfonamides is:
IndicationsSulfonamides are indicated for the following medical conditions:
PharmacokineticsHere are the characteristic interactions of sulfonamides and the body in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion:
Contraindications and CautionsThe following are contraindications and cautions for the use of sulfonamides:
Adverse EffectsUse of sulfonamides may result to these adverse effects:
InteractionsThe following are drug-drug interactions involved in the use of sulfonamides:
Tetracyclines
Therapeutic ActionThe desired and beneficial action of tetracyclines is:
IndicationsTetracyclines are indicated for the following medical conditions:
PharmacokineticsHere are the characteristic interactions of tetracyclines and the body in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion:
Contraindications and CautionsThe following are contraindications and cautions for the use of tetracyclines:
Adverse EffectsUse of tetracyclines may result to these adverse effects:
InteractionsThe following are drug-drug interactions involved in the use of tetracyclines:
Antimycobacterials
Therapeutic ActionThe desired and beneficial action of antimycobacterials is:
IndicationsTetracyclines are indicated for the following medical conditions:
PharmacokineticsHere are the characteristic interactions of antimycobacterials and the body in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion:
Contraindications and CautionsThe following are contraindications and cautions for the use of antimycobacterials:
Adverse EffectsUse of antimycobacterials may result to these adverse effects:
InteractionsThe following are drug-drug interactions involved in the use of antimycobacterials:
Other Antibiotics
Therapeutic ActionThe desired and beneficial actions of other antibiotics are:
PharmacokineticsHere are the characteristic interactions of other antibiotics and the body in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion:
Contraindications and CautionsThe following are contraindications and cautions for the use of other antibiotics:
Adverse EffectsUse of other antibiotics may result to these adverse effects:
InteractionsThe following are drug-drug interactions involved in the use of other antibiotics:
Nursing Considerations for AntibioticsHere are important nursing considerations when administering antibiotics: Nursing AssessmentThese are the important things the nurse should include in conducting assessment, history taking, and examination:
Nursing DiagnosesHere are some of the nursing diagnoses that can be formulated in the use of this drug for therapy:
Implementation with RationaleThese are vital nursing interventions done in patients who are taking antibiotics:
EvaluationHere are aspects of care that should be evaluated to determine effectiveness of drug therapy:
Practice Quiz: AntibioticsPlease visit our nursing test bank page for more NCLEX practice questions. 1. The following are second-generation cephalosporins, except: A. Cefuroxime 1. Answer: C. Ciprofloxacin. It is a fluoroquinolone. 2. A 24 y/o woman was admitted for Shigellosis and is currently receiving tetracycline. Upon history taking, she admitted to be taking OCPs and is having multiple sexual partners. What should be included in the nurse’s health teaching? A. Patient should use condoms. 2. Answer: A. Patient should use condoms. Tetracycline decreases the effectivity of OCPs and so patient should use extra form of contraception. 3. Which group of antibiotics is not recommended for growing children because they are associated with damage to developing cartilage? A. Macrolides 3. Answer: D. Fluoroquinolones. 4. A pregnant patient in labor has concurrent intra-abdominal infection. Culture test result revealed the pathogen as B. fragilis. She is pre-eclamptic and is receiving intravenous magnesium sulfate supplemented with valproic acid. Which antibiotic is supposed to be ideal but is contraindicated in this case? A. Penicillins 4. Answer: C. Carbapenems. It is indicated for infections caused by B.fragilis. However, this can reduce serum levels of valproic acid and can increase the risk of seizures in pre-eclamptic patient. 5. Which group of relatively new antibiotics can cause respiratory failure in patients with myasthenia gravis? A. Monobactams 5. Answer: B. Ketolides. 6. Drug of choice for patients with meningococcal meningitis A. Penicillins and penicillinase-resistant antibiotics 6. Answer: A. Penicillins and penicillinase-resistant antibiotics. Given in high doses, these drugs can treat meningitis. 7. The drug of choice for Legionnaire’s disease A. Ciprofloxacin 7. Answer: B. Erythromycin. 8. Based on the mechanism of action, the nurse would be right to expect that in this group of antibiotics patient may also have anemia. A. Tetracyclines 8. Answer: C. Sulfonamides. This antibiotic inhibit synthesis of folic acid so bacteria would not have materials needed for their DNA or RNA. Recommended ResourcesRecommended resources and reference books. Disclosure: Includes Amazon affiliate links.
See AlsoHere are other nursing pharmacology study guides:
Gastrointestinal System Drugs
Respiratory System Drugs
Endocrine System Drugs
Autonomic Nervous System Drugs
Immune System Drugs
Chemotherapeutic Agents
Reproductive System Drugs
Nervous System Drugs
Cardiovascular System Drugs
References and SourcesReferences and sources for this pharmacology guide for Antibiotics:
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