Which citys population grew the most? how did life expectancy change between 1850 and 1910?

journal article

Urbanism Past & Present

No. 4 (SUMMER 1977)

, pp. 21-28, 31-32 (10 pages)

Published By: Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System on behalf of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee

//www.jstor.org/stable/44403540

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The Board is responsible for establishing policies and rules for governing the System, planning to meet future state needs for collegiate education, setting admission standards and policies, reviewing and approving university budgets, and establishing the regulatory framework within which the individual units are allowed to operate with as great a degree of autonomy as possible.

Abstract:

During the 19th century, Denmark experienced rapid urban population growth amidst deficient sanitary conditions. This study explores the changes in the country's life expectancy from 1850 to 1910 for both the total population and the urban and rural areas, using vital statistics data on deaths. It also examines the contributions by causes of death to the changes in life expectancy in Copenhagen. This analysis shows that in Denmark a new mortality regime began to take shape in the 1890s, marking the passage from relatively slow gains in life expectancy and fluctuating mortality to rapid and sustained improvement, especially in cities. Until the 1880s, such gains were driven mainly by mortality reductions among children aged 1–4. From the 1890s, reductions in infant mortality contributed significantly to further gains. Reductions in mortality from a few (mainly infectious) diseases were responsible for most of the gains observed in Copenhagen. Although declining, the urban–rural gap in life expectancy persisted throughout the period, particularly for men.

Abstract:

La population urbaine du Danemark, durant le xixe siècle, se caractérise par une croissance rapide et des conditions sanitaires médiocres. Cet article présente l'évolution de l'espérance de vie danoise entre 1850 et 1910, dans la population générale ainsi que dans les zones urbaines et rurales, à partir des données d'état civil sur les décès. Il analyse également les contributions des causes de décès aux évolutions de l'espérance de vie à Copenhague. Les années 1890 marquent le début d'un nouveau régime de mortalité, avec le passage d'une progression relativement lente de l'espérance de vie et d'une mortalité fluctuante à des progrès rapides et soutenus, surtout en ville. Jusque dans les années 1880, l'espérance de vie a augmenté essentiellement sous l'effet de la baisse de la mortalité des enfants de 1 à 4 ans. À partir des années 1890, le déclin de la mortalité infantile a contribué de manière significative à de nouveaux progrès de l'espérance de vie. La diminution des décès liés à un petit nombre de maladies (pour la plupart infectieuses) a été à l'origine de la majorité des gains d'espérance de vie à Copenhague. Bien qu'en recul, l'écart entre les zones urbaines et rurales a persisté pendant toute la période, en particulier pour les hommes.

Abstract:

Durante el siglo XIX, la población urbana en Dinamarca aumento rápidamente en medio de condiciones sanitarias desfavorables. En este estudio se exploran los cambios en la esperanza de vida en dicho país desde 1850 hasta 1910, para la población total así como para las áreas urbanas y rurales, utilizando las estadísticas vitales de defunciones. Igualmente, se examinan las contribuciones por causa de muerte a los ios en la esperanza de vida en Copenhague. Este análisis muestra que un nuevo régimen de mortalidad empezó a perfilarse en Dinamarca en la década de 1890, marcando el paso de una situación caracterizada por incrementos relativamente lentos en la esperanza de vida y amplias fluctuaciones de mortalidad a otra caracterizada por mejoras rápidas y continuas, especialmente en las ciudades. Hasta la década de 1880, dichos aumentos eran principalmente el resultado de disminuciones de la mortalidad en la niñez (de 1 a 4 años). Desde la década de 1890, mejoras más sustanciosas fueron posibles gracias a la contribución de la baja de la mortalidad infantil. Las mejoras observadas en Copenhague fueron principalmente el resultado de reducciones de la mortalidad causada por unas cuantas enfermedades (sobre todo infecciosas). Aunque la brecha de mortalidad entre las áreas urbanas y rurales disminuyó, esta persistió durante el periodo observado, sobre todo para los hombres.

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