What strategy did civil rights activists use to fight against school segregation quizlet?

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Terms in this set (141)

COFO, CORE, FEPC, MFDP, MIA, NAACP, NUL, SCLC, SNCC, NOW, ERA, EEOC, LULAC, AIM

Occurred only two weeks after King's historic speech; On Sunday, September 15, 1963, Ku Klux Klan members Bobby Frank Cherry and Robert Edward Chambliss (a.k.a. Dynamite Bob) planted 19 sticks of dynamite in the basement of the Church. At about 10:25 AM, they exploded. Four young girls — Addie Mae Collins, Carole Robertson, Cynthia Wesley and Denise McNair — were killed in the blast, while 22 more were injured; Outrage at the bombing and the grief that followed helped ensure the passage of the landmark Civil Rights Act of 1964; Chambliss was initially acquitted of the murder charges, but years later it was found that the FBI had accumulated evidence against the bombers that had not been revealed to the prosecutors, by order of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover—But in 1977 Chambliss was convicted for the murders and sentenced to several terms of life imprisonment. He died in prison in 1985; After reopening the case several times, in 2000 the FBI assisted the state authorities in bringing charges against Cherry and Thomas Blanton—they were convicted by state court juries and sentenced to life in prison

Marshall, as the head of the NAACP's team of lawyers, argued many important civil rights cases before the Supreme Court. In winning Brown, he gave all African-American children the opportunity to succeed and achieved an important first step in the complete abolishment of segregation. King, as the head of the SCLC, provided leadership. His love, courage, patience, optimism, and integrity made him an example to all Americans. He inspired those on the front lines of the moment to persevere and those outside the moment to sympathize with, and participate in the movement. Malcolm X helped African Americans to take pride in themselves and their race. The changes he underwent—from a criminal to a Nation of Islam preacher of black separatism and hatred of whites to a more tolerant Muslim civil rights organizer—made him a powerful role model for young African Americans.

The civil rights movement brought about important political gains. It eliminated de jure segregation: the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ended segregation in public facilities, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 made literacy tests and poll taxes illegal, and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 ended discrimination in housing. In addition, millions of African Americans were registered to vote, and more blacks were elected to political office. Social and economic gains were more elusive. In the late 1960s, African Americans still faced housing and job discrimination, unequal schools because of white flight to the suburbs, and poverty rate much higher than whites. The movement, however, did lead to affirmative action programs designed to equalize education and job opportunities. Nonviolent protests led by Martin Luther King, Jr., as well as his personal integrity and philosophy, inspired many whites to sympathize with African Americans. The movement also brought many blacks and whites together to work toward common goals. Students who described the movement as a success may say that the legal and political advances represented a great leap forward, since no civil rights legislation had been passed since Reconstruction. Those who disagree may stress that much remains to be accomplished in realms of education, job opportunity, and income equality.

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