Weighted Average vs. FIFO vs. LIFO: An OverviewWhen it comes time for businesses to account for their inventory, businesses may use the following three primary accounting methodologies: Show
Each of these three methodologies relies on a different method of calculating both the inventory of goods and the cost of goods sold. Depending on the situation, each of these systems may be appropriate. Key Takeaways
Weighted AverageThe weighted average method, which is mainly utilized to assign the average cost of production to a given product, is most commonly employed when inventory items are so intertwined that it becomes difficult to assign a specific cost to an individual unit. This is frequently the case when the inventory items in question are identical to one another. Furthermore, this method assumes a store sells all of its inventories simultaneously. To use the weighted average model, one divides the cost of the goods that are available for sale by the number of those units still on the shelf. This calculation yields the weighted average cost per unit—a figure that can then be used to assign a cost to both ending inventory and the cost of goods sold. While the weighted average method is a generally accepted accounting principle, this system doesn’t have the sophistication needed to track FIFO and LIFO inventories. First In, First Out (FIFO)The first in, first out (FIFO) accounting method relies on a cost flow assumption that removes costs from the inventory account when an item in someone’s inventory has been purchased at varying costs, over time. When a business uses FIFO, the oldest cost of an item in an inventory will be removed first when one of those items is sold. This oldest cost will then be reported on the income statement as part of the cost of goods sold. Last In, First Out (LIFO)The last in, first out (LIFO) accounting method assumes that the latest items bought are the first items to be sold. With this accounting technique, the costs of the oldest products will be reported as inventory. It should be understood that, although LIFO matches the most recent costs with sales on the income statement, the flow of costs does not necessarily have to match the flow of the physical units. Generally speaking, FIFO is preferable in times of rising prices, so that the costs recorded are low, and income is higher. Contrarily, LIFO is preferable in economic climates when tax rates are high because the costs assigned will be higher and income will be lower. Weighted Average vs. FIFO vs. LIFO ExampleConsider this example: Suppose you own a furniture store and you purchase 200 chairs for $10 per unit. The next month, you buy another 300 chairs for $20 per unit. At the end of an accounting period, let's assume you sold 100 total chairs. The weighted average costs, using both FIFO and LIFO considerations are as follows:
Weighted Average Cost
First In, First Out Cost
Last In, First Out Cost
Another acceptable method for determining unit cost under process costing is the first-in, first-out (FIFO) cost method. Under the FIFO method, we assume any units that were not completed last period (beginning work in process) are finished before anything else is started. The following table shows the differences between the weighted average method and the FIFO cost method:
We will look at each item individually as we discuss the steps of process costing. Under either method, weighted average or FIFO, process costing consists of 5 steps:
Physical Flow of Units The physical flow of units is as follows under the weighted average method:
This is altered just slightly under the FIFO method as we must separate the items in units completed into Units Completed from beginning work in process and Units started and completed this period since under FIFO, we must finish anything from beginning work in process before we start something new. Under the FIFO, we the physical flow of units would be documented as:
Just as in the weighted average method, the 2 Total Units figures must agree! Equivalent Units of Production Under the FIFO method, we will calculate equivalent units for 3 things: Units completed from beginning work in process, units started and completed this period and units remaining in ending work in process. This video will discuss the differences between the Weighted Average and FIFO methods for equivalent units (if you are comfortable with the weighted average method, skip to minute 4:06 to begin the discussion on the FIFO method). Equivalent units for the period will be calculated as follows under FIFO (keep in mind, you may have different percent complete for materials, labor and overhead):
To illustrate the computation of equivalent units under the FIFO method, assume the following facts (for simplicity we are using just one percent complete for materials, labor and overhead):
The physical flow of units would be (calculate units started and completed as units started 10,000 – units in ending work in process 5,000):
The equivalent production for the period would be:
Cost per Equivalent Unit Under the weighted average method, we use beginning work in process costs AND costs added this period. Under the FIFO method, we will only use the costs added this period. This video will explain the differences between the two approaches. The formula we will use for calculating cost per equivalent unit under the FIFO Method is:
Assign Costs When we assign costs to units completed and transferred and units remaining in ending work in process under the FIFO method, we need the following items:
This video will provide a demonstration of cost assignment under the FIFO method. Reconcile Costs Finally, something is the same under FIFO and Weighted Average. We want to make sure that we have assigned all the costs from beginning work in process and costs incurred or added this period to units completed and transferred and ending work in process inventory. First, we need to know our total costs for the period (or total costs to account for) by adding beginning work in process costs to the costs incurred or added this period. Then, we compare the total to the cost assignment in step 4 for units completed and transferred and ending work in process to get total units accounted for. Both totals should agree. The cost reconciliation would be:
In the next page, we will do a demonstration problem of the FIFO method for process costing. What is the main difference between weighted average cost method and FIFO method in process costing?According to the Accounting for Management website, the main difference between the FIFO and weighted average method is in the treatment of beginning work-in-process or unfinished goods inventory. The weighted average method includes this inventory in computing process costs, while the FIFO method keeps it separate.
What is the difference between FIFO and moving average costing methods?In FIFO it is assumed that, in a warehouse, items that arrive first, are sold first. Hence, it is calculated by summing the actual cost of the stock of an item, available in the warehouse. Moving Average: In Moving Average, the value of an item is the average cost weighed by the quantities available in the warehouse.
Why is the FIFO method superior to the weighted average method?Because it does not combine the costs of the current period with the prior period, the FIFO method is, therefore, more suited. The Weighted Average Method, however, incorporates costs from both the current and prior periods. Thus, the price indicated is inappropriate.
Is FIFO or weighted average better?In a time of decreasing inflation, the profit margins for a company will be higher under weighted average method as compared to FIFO method because the cost of goods sold will be an average figure under weighted average method which will be lower if costs are recorded under FIFO method.
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