Complete sensation in the absence of complete perception is best illustrated by
The detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system is called
Sensation is to _________ as perception is to _________
Patients negative expectations about the outcome of a surgical procedure can increase their postoperative experience of pain. This best illustrates the importance of
Bottom up processing involves analysis that begins with the
Research participants picked one of two photographed faces as more attractive. When researchers cleverly switched the photos participants readily explained why they preferred the face they had actually rejected. Their behavior illustrates
Although Manuel was sitting right next to his parents he smelled a skunk minutes before they did. Apparently Manuel had a lower ________ for skunk odor than his parents have.
During a hearing test many sounds were presented at such a low level of intensity that mr. Antall could hardly detect them. These sounds were below mr antalls
Which theory emphasizes that personal expectations and motivations influence the level of absolute thresholds
Which theory can beat explain why people respond differently to the same stimuli
News about the supposed effects of briefly presented messages on people's feelings of being thirsty involved false claims regarding
If the just noticeable difference for a 10 ounce weight is 1 ounce the just noticeable difference for an 80 ounce weight would be ______ ounces
Giulios bag of marbles is twice as heavy as jims. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make jims bag feel heavier it will take 10 extra marbles to make giulios bag feel heavier. This best illustrates
Webers law is relevant to an understanding of
Diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as
After listening to your high volume car stereo for 15 minutes you fail to realize how loudly the music is blasting. This best illustrates
If we could stop our eyes from quivering as we stared at a stationary object the object would probably
The process by which our sensory systems convert stimulus energies into neural messages is called
Why is transduction important to sensation
It converts physical stimuli such as light into neural messages
Dilation and construction of the pupil are
Objects are brought into focus on the retina by changes in the curvature and thickness of the
Which of the following is the correct order of structures light passes through in the eye
Cornea, iris, pupil, lens, retina
Bipolar cells are located in the
Which receptor cells most directly enable us to distinguish different wavelengths of light
More light sensitive and less color sensitive than are cones
The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the
Visual information is processed by
Ganglion cells before it is processed by feature detectors
The feature detectors identified by Hubel and Weisel respond to specific aspects of ________ stimulation
When looking at the hands of a clock showing 8 o'clock certain brain cells in the visual cortex are more responsible than when the hands show 10 o'clock. This is most indicative of
Damage to the temporal lobe area of the brain essential for facial recognition produces a loss of
The human ability to speedily recognize familiar objects best illustrates the value of
Experiencing a green afterimage of a red object is most easily explained by
The opponent process theory
According to the opponent process theory cells that are stimulated by exposure to ________ light are inhibited by exposure to ______ light
The fact that people who are colorblind to red and green may still see yellow is most easily explained by
The opponent process theory
The 130 dB sound of a rock band is ______times louder than 100 dB sound of a nearby subway train
Sound wave vibrations are transmitted by three tiny bones located in the
The basilar membrane is located in the
Cones and rods are two vision as _______ are to audition
Fluid filled tube in which soundwaves trigger nerve impulses
What is the purpose of the eardrum
To transmit sound from the air to the bones of the middle ear
By amplifying soft sounds but not loud sound digital hearing aids produce
After a small section of his basilar membrane was damaged Jason experienced a noticeable loss of hearing for high-pitched sounds only. Jason's hearing loss is best explained by the ______ theory
According to frequency theory
The rate at which impulses travel up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone being heard
Which theory best explains how we perceive low pitched sounds
Frequency theory best explains _______ while place theory best explains _______
How we perceive low pitched sounds and how we perceive high-pitched sounds
A cochlear implant would be most helpful for those who suffer
Sensorineural hearing loss
A cochlear implant converts sounds into
Researchers have identified receptors for which of the following skin sensations
The impact of top down processing on the sense of touch is best illustrated bye
Receptor cells for kinesthesis are located in the
Joints tendons bones and ear
The process of our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus
Process of organizing and interpreting sensory info that enables us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory info
Info processing guided by higher level mental processes, we construct preceptors drawing on our own experiences and expectations
Focus of conscientious awareness on a particular stimulus
Failing to see visual objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
Fail to notice changes in the environment
Study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli and psychological experience of them
Minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time
How and when we detect presence of faint stimulus
What does signal detection theory depend on
Experience expectations and motivations and alertness
Below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
Activation often unconsciously of associations predisposes our perceptions memory and responses
Minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time
To be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percent not constant amount
Diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Conversion of one form of energy to another such as sites sounds and smells into neural impulses
Distance from the peak of one light and sound wave to the peak of the next
Dimension of color determined by wavelength
Amount of energy and a light/soundwave we perceive as brightness or loudness determined by waves amplitude
Adjustable opening in center of eye which light enters
Muscle tissue that forms colored portion control size of people opening
Transparent structure behind the people that changes shape to help focus retina
Light-sensitive inner surface that contains receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons
Eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects
Retinal receptors that detect black and white and gray that are used for peripheral vision and are located on the rim
Retinal receptor cells concentrated in the center of the retina that function in daylight and well lit conditions that detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
Nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to brain
Optic nerve cells leave eye no receptor cells are located there
Central focus point and right now the eye cones cluster here
Nerve cells in brain that respond to specific features such as shape angle or movement
Processing of problem simultaneously, brands mode of info processing for vision not serial processing
Young helmholtz trichromatic theory
Retina contains three different color receptors red green and blue which can produce stimulation of any color
Opposing retinal processes enable color vision some cells are stimulated by green and inherited by red
Number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a certain amount of time
A tones highness or loudness, depends on frequency
Chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones the hammer anvil and stirrup
The coiled bony fluid filled tube in the inner ear through which soundwaves trigger neuroimpulses
Innermost part of the ear where semi circle canals and vesticular scars are
Links pitch we here to place where cochlea's membrane is stimulated
Rate of nerve impulses traveling up auditory nerve matches the frequency of town enabling us to sense pitch
Caused by damage to mechanical system that conducts soundwaves to cochlea
Sensio neural hearing loss
Caused by damage to cochlea's receptor cells or the auditory nerves
Convert sound into electrical signals and stimulates auditory nerves through electrodes threaded into cochlea
System for sensing position and movement of individual body parts
Sense of body movement and position including sense of balance
Sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperature pressure or chemicals
Spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass the gate is open by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve cells when it's closed by activity and longer cells or buy info coming from the brain
Principle that one sends me influence another
Organized whole integrate info into meaningful holes
Organization of visual field into objects and surroundings
Perpetual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
Ability to see objects in three dimensions allows us to judge distance
Lab device used for depth perception in infants and animals
Depth cues, retinal disparity, it depends on two eyes
Depth cues, interposition and linear perspective, available to either I alone
Illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession