2022 Curriculum CFA Program Level II Equity Investments Show IntroductionResidual income models of equity value have become widely recognized tools in both investment practice and research. Conceptually, residual income is net income less a charge (deduction) for common shareholders’ opportunity cost in generating net income. It is the residual or remaining income after considering the costs of all of a company’s capital. The appeal of residual income models stems from a shortcoming of traditional accounting. Specifically, although a company’s income statement includes a charge for the cost of debt capital in the form of interest expense, it does not include a charge for the cost of equity capital. A company can have positive net income but may still not be adding value for shareholders if it does not earn more than its cost of equity capital. Residual income models explicitly recognize the costs of all the capital used in generating income. As an economic concept, residual income has a long history, dating back to Alfred Marshall in the late 1800s (Alfred Marshall, 1890). As far back as the 1920s, General Motors used the concept in evaluating business segments. More recently, residual income has received renewed attention and interest, sometimes under names such as economic profit, abnormal earnings, or economic value added. Although residual income concepts have been used in a variety of contexts, including the measurement of internal corporate performance, we will focus on the residual income model for estimating the intrinsic value of common stock. Among the questions we will study to help us apply residual income models are the following:
The following section develops the concept of residual income, introduces the use of residual income in valuation, and briefly presents alternative measures used in practice. The subsequent sections present the residual income model and illustrate its use in valuing common stock, show practical applications, and describe the relative strengths and weaknesses of residual income valuation compared with other valuation methods. The last section addresses accounting issues in the use of residual income valuation. We then conclude with a summary. Learning OutcomesThe member should be able to:
SummaryWe have discussed the use of residual income models in valuation. Residual income is an appealing economic concept because it attempts to measure economic profit, which are profits after accounting for all opportunity costs of capital.
V 0 = value of a share of stock today (t = 0) B 0 = current per-share book value of equity Bt = expected per-share book value of equity at any time t r = required rate of return on equity (cost of equity) Et = expected earnings per share for period t RI t = expected per-share residual income, equal to Et − rBt –1 or to (ROE − r) × Bt –1 ROET = return on equity • In the two-stage model with continuing residual income in stage two, the intrinsic value of a share of stock is V0=B0+∑t=1T RIt(1+r)t+PT−BT (1+r)T=B0+∑t=1 T(Et−rBt−1)(1+r) t+PT−BT(1+r)T V0=B0+∑t=1T( ROEt−r)Bt−1(1+r)t +PT−BT(1+r)T where PT = expected per share price at terminal time T BT = expected per share book value at terminal time T How does residual income differ from ROI?ROI gives companies a means to compare the effectiveness and profitability of any number of investments. Residual income measures the net income an investment earns beyond the lowest return on its operational assets.
Why is residual income a better measure of performance than return on investment?7. Residual income is a better measure for performance evaluation of an investment center manager than return on investment because: A) the problems associated with measuring the assest base are eliminated. B) desirable investment decisions will not be rejected by divisions that already have a high ROI.
What is residual income investment?Residual income measures net income after taking into account all required costs of capital related to generating that income. Other terms for residual income include economic value-added, economic profit, and abnormal earnings.
How do you calculate ROI on residual income?There is a number of ways to calculate residual income, but the most recognized formula is: RI = Net Operating Income − (Minimum Required Return × Cost of Operating Assets) For example, if your net operating income is $3000, the minimum required return is 10%, and the cost of operating assets is $1000, then your RI ...
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