Differential reinforcement procedures involve... applying reinforcement and extinction to increase the occurrence of a desirable target behaviour or to decrease the occurrence undesirable behaviours Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour; behavioural procedure used to increase the frequency of a desirable behaviour and to decrease the frequency of undesirable behaviours What are the 3 types of reinforcer assessment? Single stimulus assessment, Paired stimulus assessment, Multiple stimulus assessment What is single stimulus assessment? each potential reinforcer is presented, one at a time, to see whether the individual approaches the stimulus or not. After each stimulus is presented numerous times, the researcher calculates the percentage of times that the individual approached each stimulus to indicate which stimuli are likely to be reinforcers What is paired stimulus assessment? two potential reinforcers are presented to the individual and the researcher records which stimulus the individual approaches. Each stimulus from a pool of potential reinforcers is presented with every other stimulus multiple times and the researcher calculates the percentage of times that the individual approached each stimulus to indicate which stimuli are likely to be reinforcers. What is multiple stimulus assessment? (multiple stimulus with out replacement procedure) an array of potential reinforcers is presented to the individual, and the researcher records which potential reinforcer the individual approaches or chooses first. This stimulus is them removes from the array and the researcher records which stimulus the individual chooses next. This process continues until all stimuli have been chosen by the individual What are the steps for DRA? Define the (un)desirable behaviour, Identify the reinforcer, Reinforce the desirable behaviour immediately and consistently/Eliminate the reinforcer for the undesirable behaviours, Use intermittent reinforcement to maintain the target behaviour, Program for generalization What are the variations of DRA? Differential reinforcement of ann incompatible behaviour (DRI) and differential reinforcement of communication (DRC) What is differential reinforcement of an incompatible behaviour (DRI)? the alternative behaviour is physically incompatible with the problem behaviour and, therefore, the two behaviours cannot occur at the same time. What is differential reinforcement of communication (DRC)? aka functional communication training; the individual with the problem behaviour learns to make a communication response that is functionally equivalent to that problem behaviour. When the communication produces the same reinforcing outcome as the problem behaviour, there is no longer any reason for the problem behaviour to occur.
Differential reinforcement of other behaviour; the reinforcer is contingent on the absence of the problem behaviour. This means that the reinforcer is no longer delivered after the problem behaviour (extinction), but the reinforcer is delivered after an interval of time in which the problem behaviour does not occur. How do you implement DRO? identify the reinforcer for the problem behaviour, identify the reinforcer to use in the DRO procedure, choose the initial DRO time interval, eliminate the reinforcer for the problem behaviour and deliver the reinforcer for the absence of the problem behaviour, reset the internal if the problem behaviour occurs, gradually increase the internal length What are the two variations of DRO? Whole-interval and momentary What is whole-interval DRO? the problem behaviour must be absent for the whole internal for the reinforcer to be delivered the problem behaviour must be absent at the end of the interval for the reinforcer to be delivered Differential reinforcement of low rates of responding; the reinforcer is delivered when the rate of the problem behaviour is decreased to a criterion level. You do not reinforce a lower rate of the problem behaviour. What are the two variations of DRL? Full session and spaced responding What is full session DRL? fewer than X responses occur in the session, What is spaced responding DRL? there must be a specified amount of time between responses for the reinforcer to be delivered What is stereotypic behaviour? repetitive behaviour that does not serve any social function for th person List the characteristics of DRA as given in lecture Reinforcer is delivered for desirable behaviour, extinction for the problem behaviour, useful alternative to punishment, reinforcement actually identifies what is correct, extinction and punishment cannot, DRA shows the target specifically what is wrong and what is right A child’s good table manners are reinforced with praise and by passing the requested food. The child’s bad table manners are extinguished by ignoring and not passing food. This example is... You want to increase a desirable behaviour and/or decrease undesirable behaviours, the desirable behaviour already occurs at least occasionally or you can prompt it, you have a reinforcer you can use. When using DRA, what can you consider (lecture)? Consider manipulating establishing operations to make the reinforcer more potent, the use of rules or instructions and using the premack principle What is the Premack Principle? High-probability behaviours can be used to reinforce lower-probability behaviours How does the Premack Principle help with DRA? Takes advantage of the fact that organisms array their behaviours preferentially differential reinforcement of zero rate of behaviour Breaks from academic tasks delivered every 20 minutes for the absence of problem behaviours is an example of... What distinguishes DRO from DRA? DRA increases appropriate behaviour while decreasing problem behaviour, DRO may lead to sharper decreases in problem behaviour, momentary DRO can be easier to implement What distinguishes DRL and DRO? DRO - at the end of
the interval, the reinforcer is delivered for the absence of the behavior. How is the DRO procedure different from either DRI or DRA?DRO differs from differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors (DRA) and differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors (DRI) in that with those two procedures, reinforcement follows specific appropriate responses.
How does the purpose of DRO differ from that of DRL?How does the purpose of DRO differ from DRL? In DRO the reinforcer is delivered if there is an absence of the behavior after and interval of time has passed. In DRL the reinforcer is delivered for the occurrence of the behavior after an interval of time has passed since the last time the behavior has occurred.
What is DRO DRA and DRI?DRI = Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors. DRA = Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors. DRO = Differential reinforcement of other behavior. DRL = Differential reinforcement of low rates of the behavior.
What is the difference between differential reinforcement of alternative behavior and DRI?Put simply, DRO means you give reinforcement to behaviors other than the problem behavior. DRI means you reinforce appropriate behaviors that are incompatible with the problem behavior, or you reinforce an appropriate behavior that cannot be done at the same time as the problem behavior.
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What distinguishes a DRO from other differential reinforcement procedures DRA DRC DRI DRL )?
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