The routine activities theory is considered to be a form of the positivist school framework.

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Classical Criminology and Rational Choice Theory
What is routine activities theory quizlet?
What is opportunity theory in criminology?
What is lifestyle theory criminology?
Which of the following theories emphasizes all important factors that go into a person's decision to engage or not engage in a particular act?

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Classical Criminology and Rational Choice Theory

Question	Answer
What Is Theory	Explanatory framework, research strategies, data analysis and interpretation, reformulation of ideas, policy implications
Positivist School	A school of thought that attributed to criminal behaviour to biological or psychological factors - Linked to Darwin and Mendel
Chicago School	First school of sociology in USA; contributed to social disorganization theory, cultural transmission theory, differential association, subculutral, sociology of deviance and symbolic interactionism
Psychopathy	A personality disordered characterized by lack of empathy and an inability to feel for others
Classical School of Criminology	A body of work that emerged in Europe in the 17th and 18th century that argued people have the capacity to think rationally; contemporary deterrence theory is rooted in this school of thought
Rational choice theory	Assumes humans are rational and have free will, and that offenders make conscious choices to commit crime based on a cost-benefit analysis
Differential Association Theory	Criminal behaviour is learned through the process of social interaction, and that the process includes the learning of criminal skills, motivations, attitudes and rationalizations
How does public policy and opinion shape criminological theory?	Ex. If public and polticians believe crime is caused by poor social environment - then we can expect a wellspring of sociological theories explaining crime in those terms, w/ public spport and policy eradicating those conditions
Before the classical school the belief was?	Criminals were possessed by evil spirits or demons - "demonology"; Theological theories abot crime; rememdies were of religious nature
Hedonism	The view that pleasure is the primary good; pursuit for pleasure
Utilitarianism	Philosophy that suggests reasoned decisions will produce the greatest good for the greatest number
Free will	A will whose choices are not conditioned or determined by factors external to itself
Beccaria's critiques	The use of torture; right to know their accusers and a fair trial; social contract - did not agree society should be able to kill offenders
Bentham's arguments	Humans are rational, free-will actors and that behaviour is determined by a hedonistic calculus; Punishments should be restricted only to the amount to achieve deterrence
Impact of the Classical School	Codification of criminal offences, innocence until proven guilty, jury trials; idea of mens rea
Lombroso's Atavistic Man	The notion that criminals were less evolved than "normal" humans; had distinguishing features like those of apes or neanderthals
Criticisms of Positivist School	Disregarding of the relationship between social factors and crime such as poverty or lack of education; the support of the eugenics movement
Somatyping	A research technique that links behavioural characteristics to body types, such as mesomorphy
Ectomorph	Prone to nervous disorder and anxiety
Mesomorph	Aggressive and prone to violence
Endomorph	Social and loves to eat LOL.
Bounded Rationality	decisions are often made imperfectly as best guesses given available information and time constraints. Decisions are "bounded" by the limits of our knowledge and circumstances so our rationality is bounded.
Utility maximization	Choices made based on what one perceives will provide the greatest rewards for the lowest costs
Decisions by crime can be?	Impulsive, made with lack of information about the risks involved, or made when the person is intoxicated
4 Steps to Choosing a Criminal Career	Initial involvement; the criminal event; continuing involvement; desistence
Crime Scripts	The steps in decision making and the sequence of actions for a particular criminal event
Routine Activity Theory	Everyday routines and legitimate activities are key determinants of crime opportunities
3 Basic Elements needed for Criminal event	A potential offender; a suitable target; absence of a capable guardian
CRAVED STOLEN OBJECTS	Concealable; removable; available; valuable; enjoyable; disposable
Ex. of Routine activity theory	More valuable items became accessible to steal; modern lifestyle had changed in ways that increased crime "women going to workforce"
Crime Pattern Theory	Explains how crime patterns arise; it asserts that crime is not random
Paths	Routes along which we, inclding offenders, travel between nodes
Nodes	The main place we travel to and from - home, workplace, leisure, entertainment locations, transportation hubs
Edges	The area between land uses of different types where crime is more likely -ex. along the road where a high- and low- income hosing area meet
Attractors	Places that attract offenders because they have a reputation as good places to commit crime
Generators	Places such as train stations and entertainment districts where crime is generated by the interactions of high volumes and suitable targets and potential offenders in places with low guardianship
Crime opportunity theory	The umbrella term for the set of theories and concepts that are underpinned by the notion that the level of crime opportunity is the main cause of crime
Situational Crime Prevention	Measures taken to reduce crime opportunities. SCP takes into account the nature of the crime, environmental factors that allow for the crime, and the risks and rewards associated with crime
Five broad categories of actions to prevent crime	Increase the effort needed to commit a crime; increase the risks of crime; reduce the rewards; reduce provocations; remove excuses
Designing out	The concept that crime prevention can start at the design process so that products and places are designed with potential criminal threats or opportunities in mind. ex. CAR ALARMS
Elements of Classical Crim	Free will; crime is attractive; control through fear of society's reaction to crime; sever, certain and swift punishment is better for control; punishment sufficient to make crime unattractive; hedonistic principle
Supporting evidence to why crime is rational	Timing, location, characterisitcs of crime victims, learning
Conflicting evidence to rationality	Expressive and illogical violence, self-destructive behaviours, high rates of reoffending of those who received harsh punishments

What is routine activities theory quizlet?

The routine activity theory suggests that a motivated offender is discouraged from committing a crime in the presence of capable guardians.In contrast, when a motivated offender spots a suitable target in the absence of capable guardians, the offender is more likely to commit a crime.

What is opportunity theory in criminology?

Crime Opportunity Theory suggests that when an individual wants to commit a crime, they look for an opportunity or a practical target. For example, if a city neighborhood offers no off-street parking, it may be a prime target for vehicle thefts.

What is lifestyle theory criminology?

Lifestyle theory suggests that certain people may become the victims of crimes because of their lifestyles and choices. For example, someone with a gambling or substance addiction could be as an “easy victim” by a con artist.

Which of the following theories emphasizes all important factors that go into a person's decision to engage or not engage in a particular act?

Rational choice theory is a perspective that criminologists adapted from economists, who used it to explain a vari- ety of individual decisions regarding a variety of behaviors. This framework emphasizes all the important factors that go into a person's decision to engage or not engage in a particular act.

The routine activities theory is considered to be a form of the positivist school framework.

Classical Criminology and Rational Choice Theory

What is routine activities theory quizlet?

What is opportunity theory in criminology?

What is lifestyle theory criminology?

Which of the following theories emphasizes all important factors that go into a person's decision to engage or not engage in a particular act?

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