Presentation on theme: "Chapter 6 Learning."— Presentation transcript: 1 Chapter 6 Learning Show
2 Classical
conditioning 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Classical Conditioning: More Terminology 10 Processes in Classical Conditioning 11 12 13
Behaviorism John B. Watson viewed psychology as objective science 14 Watson took a a baby named Albert and conditioned him to be 15 DiscPsy Fig5.2b p170 16 Conditional Training: Little Albert 17 18 Operant Conditioning or Instrumental Learning 19 20 21 Basic Processes in Operant Conditioning 22 23 24 Reinforcement:
Consequences that Strengthen Responses 25 Schedules of Reinforcement 26 27 Consequences: Reinforcement and Punishment 28 Punishment 29 30 31
32 Problems with Punishment - (Spanking) 33 34 Biological Predispositions 35 Changes in Our Understanding of Conditioning 36 Signal Relations Robert
Rescorla conducted research around the cognitive element in conditioning Environmental stimuli serve as signals SLIDE 8: Signal Relations 1) Robert Rescorla conducted research around the cognitive element in conditioning The cognitive element in conditioning is especially prominent in research conducted by Robert Rescorla. 2) Environmental stimuli serve as signals Rescorla claims that environmental stimuli serve as
signals 3) Some stimuli are better and more dependable signals than others And that some stimuli are better, or more dependable, signals than others. 4) Rescorla manipulated signal relations in classical conditioning Thus, Rescorla manipulated signal relations in classical conditioning. Some stimuli are better and more dependable signals than others Rescorla manipulated signal relations in classical conditioning
37 Signal Relations (ii) CS-UCS relations
influence whether a CS is a good signal A ‘good’ signal is one that follows accurate prediction of the UCS SLIDE 9: Signal Relations (ii) 1) CS-UCS relations influence whether a CS is a good signal. That is, CS-UCS relations that influence whether a CS is a good signal. 2) A ‘good’ signal is one that follows accurate prediction of the UCS A ‘good’ signal is one that follows accurate prediction of the UCS.
3) Example: Look at the following example. 4) For some rats the CS (tone) and UCS (shock) are paired in 100% of the experimental trials A tone and shock are paired 20 times for one group of rats. Otherwise, these rats are never shocked. For these rats the CS (tone) and UCS (shock) are paired in 100% of the experimental trials. Another group of rats also receive 20 pairings of the tone and shock. However, the rats in this group are also
exposed to the shock on 20 other trials when the tone does not precede it. 5) For another group the CS and UCS are paired in only 50% of the trials For this group, the CS and UCS are paired in only 50% of the trials. Example: For one group of rats the CS (tone) and UCS (shock) are paired in 100% of the experimental trials For another group the CS and UCS are paired in only 50% of the trials
38 The predictive value of CS
39 Response-Outcome Relations and Reinforcement 40 Response-Outcome Relations and Reinforcement (ii)
41 Observational Learning: Basic Processes 42 Observational Learning
43 1) paid 10 dollars for every 20 puzzles solved
44 10) _____ playing Bingo 11) ______getting a paycheck at the end of 2 weeks 12) _______drug testing 13) ________a strike in bowling
14) calling your mechanic to see if your car is fixed yet 15) — frequent flyer program where one gets a free flight after a specific number of miles flown 45 16) _______________________ child screams and cries in store to get what he wants—every so often it works 17) ______________________ child who likes to hear theme music from Jeopardy every night at 7 pm 18) trying to find a parking spot in Metropolis with a meter that works 19) _______________________ wife is watching boxing match with husband- she receives a kiss at the end of every 3-minute round 20)
______________________ waiting for a sunny day to go to the beach 46 47 48 When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal?Negative Reinforcement
In an attempt to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring in the future, an operant response is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus. This is negative reinforcement.
Is a strengthened response to a stimulus?Reinforcer: A stimulus event that strengthens the response it follows.
When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation?Chapt 6 vocab -Learning. When a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus it is called?Positive reinforcement. Occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus.
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