Chest pain doesn't always arise from the heart, you can get a differential diagnosis that can indicate damage or pathology elsewhere in the body.
For example:
1. MSK
Damage to the musculoskeletal system such as a a broken rib or spasm of the muscles can cause pain.
2. Gastro-intestinal
E.g pain in the chest can be as a result of reflux in the oesophageal tract.
3. Respiratory
There are various conditions of the respiratory area that can cause chest
pain. For example pneumonia, which is a type of chest infection, or a pulmonary embolism
4. Cardiac
Examples include a myocardial infarction, stable angina, unstable angina or pericarditis
that can trigge
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A, B, C, E
Heart failure is precipitated or exacerbated by physical or emotional stress, dysrhythmias, infections, anemia, thyroid disorders, pregnancy, Paget's disease, nutritional deficiencies (thiamine, alcoholism), pulmonary disease, and hypervolemia.
B. Increased calf circumference
The client with thrombophlebitis, also known as deep vein thrombosis, exhibits redness or warmth of the affected leg, tenderness at the site, possibly dilated veins (if superficial), low-grade fever, edema distal to the obstruction, and increased calf circumference in the affected extremity. Peripheral pulses are unchanged from baseline because this is a venous, not an arterial, problem. Often, thrombophlebitis develops silently; that is, the client does not present with any signs and symptoms unless pulmonary embolism occurs as a complication.
B, C, D
The client with DVT may require bedrest to prevent embolization of the thrombus resulting from skeletal muscle action, anticoagulation to prevent thrombus extension and allow for thrombus autodigestion, fluids for hemodilution and to decrease blood viscosity, and elastic stockings to reduce peripheral edema and promote venous return. While the client is on bedrest, the nurse prevents complications of immobility by encouraging coughing and deep breathing. Venous return is important to maintain because it is a contributing factor in DVT, so the nurse maintains venous return from the lower extremities by avoiding hip flexion, which occurs with Fowler's position. The nurse avoids providing foods rich in vitamin K, such as dark green, leafy vegetables, because this vitamin can interfere with anticoagulation, thereby increasing the risk of additional thrombi and emboli. The nurse also would not include use of sequential compression boots for an existing thrombus. They are used only to prevent DVT, because they mimic skeletal muscle action and can disrupt an existing thrombus, leading