How did the Ottoman sultans role change in the latter fifteenth century quizlet?

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    The Portuguese monarchs successfully consolidated their political power by:
    A. seeking peace between the Moors and the Castilians.
    B. granting Atlantic islands to nobles as lucrative hereditary possessions, ensuring the political loyalty of noble families and merchants.
    C. allowing the Portuguese nobility to elect members of their own ranks to be king.
    D. using advanced scientific knowledge to prevent the Black Death from devastating the Portuguese population.

    B. granting Atlantic islands to nobles as lucrative hereditary possessions, ensuring the political loyalty of noble families and merchants.

    Seeing themselves as "the shadow of God" on earth, Ottoman sultans:
    A. forced all of their subjects to convert to Islam.
    B. assumed the role of protector of holy cities in Greece and Italy.
    C. funded construction of elaborate mosques.
    D. made Arabic the official language of administration.

    C. funded construction of elaborate mosques.

    Ming officials, in contrast to rulers in Portugal and Spain, viewed maritime expansion as:
    A. an important source of government revenue.
    B. a means of expanding the influence of the ruler.
    C. a potential source of disorder and instability.
    D. a means of expanding the reach of Buddhism

    C. a potential source of disorder and instability.

    In the fourteenth century, political stabilization in southern Europe was aided by:
    A.the growth of Latin as an international language.
    B. the Catholic Church, which realized that a powerful king could secure the church's authority.
    C. feudalism, which revived in the late fourteenth century.
    D. economic growth through sea trade with southwest Asia.

    D. economic growth through sea trade with southwest Asia.

    Which of the following was a major difference between the rulers of Spain and Portugal and the Ottomans?
    A.The Ottomans appointed leaders of local religions to their governmental bureaucracy; the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs did not.
    B.The Spanish and Portuguese rulers expelled or forced the conversion of members of other religions; the Ottomans permitted those with diverse religious beliefs to remain in their territories.
    C. The Ottomans taxed overseas trade to fill the imperial treasury; the Spanish and Portuguese rulers did not.
    D. The Ottomans used marriage as a way to consolidate their political power; the Spanish and Portuguese monarchs did not.

    B.The Spanish and Portuguese rulers expelled or forced the conversion of members of other religions; the Ottomans permitted those with diverse religious beliefs to remain in their territories.

    Populations in both China and Western Europe succumbed to the plague in large numbers because both had:
    A. been conquered by the Mongols and had no strong political structure.
    B. suffered from years of famine and food shortages that had weakened the populations.
    C. little settled agriculture.
    D. large pastoral populations who spread the plague

    B. suffered from years of famine and food shortages that had weakened the populations

    What environmental change is credited with forcing pastoral peoples and plague-bearing rodents into closer contact with settled agricultural villages?
    A. The "Little Ice Age"
    B. Soil depletion from overfarming
    C. Drought in the central Asian steppe borderlands
    D. Hard winters and rainy summers in the central Asian steppes

    C. Drought in the central Asian steppe borderlands

    In Spain, a strong dynasty was created primarily through:
    A. marriage.
    B. warfare.
    C. the leading role of the rulers of Granada.
    D. the establishment of a merit-based bureaucracy.

    A. Marriage

    In the late fifteenth century, Ferdinand and Isabella reacted to the Ottoman expansion by:
    A.using the Inquisition to create a more homogeneous state.
    B.opening new trade routes in the Mediterranean.
    C.financing exploration along the western coast of Africa.
    D.establishing a society where Muslims, Jews, and Christians lived in relative harmony.

    A. using the inquisition to create a more homogeneous state

    Which of the following statements best describes the Ottoman rulers' stance toward regional differences within their territory?
    A. They demanded strict conformity to the Shiite branch of Islam.
    B. They were flexible and tolerant.
    C. Their policies forced the Turkish language upon Arabs and Europeans.
    D. They abandoned control of rural areas to local authorities and focused their attention exclusively on controlling urban areas.

    B. They were flexible and tolerant

    Which of the following statements best describes the early Ming dynasty?
    A. It inherited a society and kingdom from the Yuan dynasty that was relatively peaceful and prosperous.
    B. It tried to reestablish order and stability in China through the use of Islam, which the Mongol Yuan dynasty had introduced.
    C. It had to rebuild a devastated society from the ground up after Mongol rule and plague.
    D. It faced the challenge of establishing foreign rule over the Chinese people, much like its predecessor, the Mongol Yuan dynasty.

    C. It had to rebuild a devastated society from the ground up after Mongol rule and plague

    The janissaries:
    A. maintained steadfast loyalty to the sultan and limited the autonomy of provincial rulers.
    B. became bureaucrats who served the interest of their respective ethnic groups.
    C. were primarily warriors, and rarely became architects or bureaucrats.
    D. were conscripts from Muslim villages, and maintained the religious purity of the bureaucracy.

    A. Maintained steadfast loyalty to the sultan and lifted the autonomy of provincial rulers

    The Ottoman Empire conquered and absorbed much of what Christian power?
    A. Syria
    B. The Holy Roman Empire
    C. The Byzantine Empire
    D. The Franks

    C. The Byzantine Empire

    Which of the following was a major milestone in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain?
    A.The monarchs became politically isolated in Europe as other monarchs refused to make alliances with these "new" rulers.
    B. The last Muslim stronghold in Spain—Granada—fell to Christian forces.
    C. Spain instituted broad religious toleration so that Jewish learning and finance could be used to support naval exploration.
    D. The Spanish economy oriented itself toward the Mediterranean to take advantage of new trade with the Ottoman Empire.

    B. The last Muslim stronghold in Spain-Granada-fell to Christian forces

    To consolidate rule over their conquered empire, the Ottoman sultans:
    A. adopted Byzantine administrative practices while maintaining devotion to Islam.
    B. left the protection of Islamic holy cities to the local inhabitants.
    C. left the city of Istanbul to crumble while building their new imperial capital at Bursa.
    D. embraced a warrior ideal, while shunning civil bureaucratic administration.

    A. adopted Byzantine administrative practices while maintaining devotion to Islam.

    Throughout the fourteenth century, Portuguese Christian rulers attempted to consolidate power by:
    A.rejecting the Catholic Church and trying to align themselves with Greek Orthodox Christians.
    B. working toward closer ties to the other states on the Iberian peninsula.
    C. devoting themselves to fighting the Moors.
    D. adopting a pacifist ideology and built a lasting state around it.

    C. devoting themselves to fighting the Moors.

    Identify the primary reason that Renaissance culture spread throughout Europe by the late sixteenth century:
    A. the persecution of Renaissance humanists in Spain, causing them to move to Northern Europe.
    B. economic prosperity and competition between political and religious leaders.
    C. the drastic increase in literacy as a result of the use of the printing press.
    D. an influx of Muslim intellectuals after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire

    B. Economic prosperity and competition between political and religious leaders

    Which of the following statements best explains the impact of the Black Death on the influence of the Christian church in Western Europe?
    A.The church, because of the charitable functions it organized in response to the Black Death, became more influential in the lives of Europeans.
    B. The Black Death unleashed a wave of popular hostility toward the church.
    C. In response to the devastation of the Black Death, the church's influence declined as millions converted to other religions.
    D. The church became more open and tolerant in an attempt to win more converts after so many of their congregants had died.

    B. The Black Death unleashed a wave of popular hostility toward the church

    To project imperial power and grandeur, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty:
    A.constructed the Forbidden City.
    B.overthrew the Yuan dynasty.
    C.began building the Great Wall.
    D. began building the Grand Canal.

    A. Constructed the Forbidden City

    The main goal of Zheng He's voyages was to:
    A.learn more about the cultures beyond China's borders.
    B.generate scientific knowledge.
    C.reestablish trade and collect tribute.
    D.search for new lands in which to export the surplus population.

    C. Reestablish trade and collect tribute

    In order to reestablish political order following the crises of the fourteenth century, many dynastic rulers:
    A.fostered beliefs and rituals that confirmed their legitimacy, such as stating that their power had a divine source.
    B.turned to popularly elected councils and civil servants for support.
    C.rejected support from traditional religious leaders because of the people's loss of faith in the answers they provided.
    D.closed trade routes to concentrate on the problems of the local populace.

    A.fostered beliefs and rituals that confirmed their legitimacy, such as stating that their power had a divine source.

    Which of the following was the most important factor in the rise of the Ottoman Empire?
    A.Speaking Arabic allowed the Ottomans to communicate with neighboring tribes
    B.The Ottomans had an intensive agricultural base which led to a large population
    C.Mongol forays into Anatolia destabilized the region
    D.The Red Turban revolt

    C. Mongol forays into Anatolia destabilized the region

    Which of the following is the best description of the economic impact of the Black Death on Afro-Eurasia?
    A. South Asian societies were most disrupted by the Black Death, with the destruction of the Brahman caste.
    B. The plague left much of the Islamic world in a state of near political collapse, destroying the Umayyad caliphate.
    C, Infected victims died slowly, coughing blood and oozing pus from sores the size of tennis balls.
    D. The deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest.

    D. The deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest

    Ming rulers strengthened their role in traditional rites and ceremonies to:
    A.successfully undermine the practice of Confucianism among their subjects.
    B. show that the gods favored the Ming.
    C. eliminate civil and military cults as a threat to Ming authority.
    D. ensure that farmers would pay their taxes to distant rulers.

    B. Show that the gods favored the Ming

    Which of the following did the rulers of Ming China, the Ottoman Empire, and Western Europe use to unify their expanded territories?
    A. A single official language of governance
    B. Centralized governments with strong bureaucracies
    C. Overseas trade to generate revenue
    D. Artists and architects, who projected the ruler's grandeur and power

    D. Artists and architects, who projected the ruler's grandeur and power

    Emperor Hongwu, because he distrusted state bureaucrats and wished to be seen as the guardian of his subjects,
    A. entrusted management of the rural regions to local leaders.
    B. placed all authority in the hands of imperial bureaucrats.
    C. emphasized social equality in order to earn loyalty from the marginalized members of society.
    D. encouraged his prime minister to focus on provincial rule.

    A. Entrusted management of the rural regions to local leaders

    The goals of European reactionaries during the Restoration period included which of the following?
    A.Secularization of the state
    B. Curtailment of royal privileges
    C. Rejection of change
    D. Reversal of the beginnings of industrialization

    C. Rejection of change

    Why did small-scale settlements in southern Africa give way to larger states during the early nineteenth century?
    A. Larger states were better equipped to compete for limited land and resources.
    B. Larger states were more efficient at gathering goods for trade with Europeans, and benefited from European technologies.
    C. Larger states were better at utilizing agricultural land, allowing them to relieve population pressure more effectively than smaller settlements.
    D. Larger states were able to experiment with new leadership styles, ending their dependence on traditional forms of political order.

    A. Larger states were better equipped to compete for limited land and resources

    Why did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels call their theories "scientific" socialism?
    A. Because their arguments were based in statistical analysis
    B. Because their inspiration came from Newton's grand synthesis of knowledge, the Principia
    C. Because their arguments were rooted in a materialist view of history
    D. Because all of their statements had been verified through experimentation

    C. their arguments were rooted in a materialist view of history

    Which of the following was the most important device used by Mexicans to lure Mayans into plantation labor?
    A.Debt peonage forced fathers and sons to work for low wages on sugar plantations.
    B. The imposition of the new caste of "Indians" meant Mayans had few political rights and could be forced into plantation servitude.
    C. Mexicans lured Mayans with promises of teaching them new agricultural techniques that would enrich Mayan villages.
    D. Mayans were forced to work on plantations to free their wives and children who had been taken hostage by the plantation owners.

    A. debt peonage forced fathers and sons to work for low wages on sugar plantations

    Which of the following groups supported Usman dan Fodio's revolt against the Hausa city-states?
    A. Ruling elites
    B. Fulani tribes people
    C. Igbo merchants
    D. Hausa women

    B. Fulani tribes people

    How did nationalist thinkers define "the nation"?
    A. In terms of shared economic interests
    B. In terms of adherence to the same religion
    C. In terms of a common language, culture, and history
    D. In terms of shared family relationships

    C. in terms of a common language, culture, and history

    Which of the following was a common factor in the Shawnee, Maya, and Indian rebellions against colonial control?
    A. A rejection of traditional cultural and political resources
    B. Nonviolent resistance against colonial power
    C. The use of prophecy and charismatic leadership
    D. Reliance on Christian traditions taught by missionaries

    C. The use of prophecy and charismatic leadership

    How would life in Fourier's phalanx qualify as a reform of Restoration Europe's economic order?
    A. All members would work at diverse tasks, for short periods of time.
    B. All members would receive the same pay for their work.
    C. All members would learn how to do all of the necessary tasks to keep the phalanx running.
    D. All members would do what they could, and take what they needed from the community.

    A. All members would work at diverse tasks, for short periods of time

    How did the status of Islam in West Africa change after the establishment of the Sokoto caliphate?
    A.It changed from a minority religion to the majority religion in the region.
    B.It changed from an urban religion to the religion of rural pastoralists.
    C.It changed from a polytheistic religion to a monotheistic religion.
    D.It changed from a warlike religion to a peaceful religion.

    A. it changed from a minority religion to the majority religion in the region

    Which of the following was a sharp contrast between millenarian revolts such as the Taiping Rebellion and orthodox institutions?
    A. Millenarian revolts were often led by scholars.
    B. Millenarian movements were inspired by Confucian, not Daoist, ideals.
    C. Millenarian movements were supported by militias raised by the gentry.
    D. Millenarian revolts often had women in leadership roles.

    D. Millenarian revolts often had women in leadership roles

    Prior to the mid-nineteenth century, how did the Mayan experience of colonial rule differ from that of other indigenous Mexican peoples?
    A. A stronger missionary presence meant that more Mayans converted to Christianity.
    B. The Mayans escaped forced labor recruitment and social disruption because their territory lacked minerals or fertile land.
    C. Conflict between the Spanish and the Portuguese meant that more Mayans were killed in war.
    D. The Mayans were less able to participate in trade than other Mexican natives because they lacked port cities.

    ...

    Which of the following was the most important factor in the rise of the Ottoman Empire?

    Mongol forays into Anatolia destabilized the region

    populations in both china and Western Europe succumbed to the plague in large numbers because both had:

    suffered from years of famine and food shortages that had weakened the populations

    What was the Western European Christian chruch's response to challenges to its authority following the plague?

    the church demanded strict obedience and persecuted those who questioned its doctrines

    which of the following is the best description of the economic impact of the Black Death on afro-eurasia

    the deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest

    The Ottoman Empire conquered and absorbed much of what Christian power

    the byzantine empire

    What did the rulers of ming china, the Ottoman Empire, and western Europe use to unify their expanded territories

    artists and architects, who projected the rulers grandeur and power

    what environmental change is creditors with forcing pastoral peoples and plague-bearing rodents into colder contact with settled agricultural villages

    drought in the central Asian steppe borderlands

    Ming officials, in contrast to rulers in Portugal and Spain, viewed maritime expansion as

    a potential source of disorder and instability

    what was a major consequence of the renaissance

    a network of independent, educated people who were not totally reliant on either the state or the church

    to project imperial power and grandeur, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty

    constructed the forbidden city

    the group that eventually drove the mongols out of china was known as:

    the red turbans

    which of the following was a major milestone in the region of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

    the last muslim stronghold in Spain-Granada- fell to the Christian forces

    In order to reestablish political order following the crises of the fourteenth century, many dynastic rulers:

    fostered beliefs and rituals that confirmed their legitimacy, such as stating that their power had a divine source

    Ming rulers strengthened their role in traditional rites and ceremonies to:

    show that the gods favored the ming

    Throughout the fourteenth century, Portuguese Christians rulers attempted to consolidate power by:

    devoting themselves to fighting the moors

    Why did Europeans turn for inspiration to the art and learning of classical Greece and Rome as they rebuilt society after the devastation of the plague

    renaissance humanism provided more scope for secular individuals to act in an expanding world

    In what way was the effect of the Forbidden City on the populace similar to that of Topkapi palace?

    both projected a sense of awe and power

    South Asia was less severely affected by the Black Death than were settlements along the Silk Road and Mediterranean Sea because:

    south asian societies had escaped the Mongol conquest and were not directly linked to mongol-controlled trade routes

    Seeing themselves as "the shadow of God" on earth, Ottoman sultans:

    funded construction of elaborate mosques

    In the prince, Nicole Machiavelli argued that:

    the main goal of the prince was holding and exercising power

    As a result of the Ming dynasty's abandoning support for oceanic exploration:

    Chinese maritime power declined and opened the way for newcomers and rivals in the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asia

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