Based on the passage, what does de azurara argue was the major motive behind henry’s actions?

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In fifteenth-century Europe, Muslim culture exerted the greatest influence on which of the following societies? (A) English (B) French (C) German (D) Italian (E) Spanish

Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from (A) religious asceticism (B) classical languages and literature (C) the curricula of medieval universities (D) political reforms of the Holy Roman Empire (E) the ideas of Dante's Inferno

Which of the following explorers, sailing under the flag of Portugal, reached the west coast of India in 1498 after rounding the Cape of Good Hope and crossing the Indian Ocean? (A) John Cabot (B) Vasco da Gama (C) Bartolomeu Dias (D) Amerigo Vespucci (E) Ferdinand Magellan

The political strength of the Medici family in Florence was initially based on A) a close alliance with the papacy (B) the influence and wealth of their bank (C) the support of the lower classes (D) the support of a powerful citizen militia (E) their tenure in various municipal offices

Italian women artists of the Renaissance and Baroque era were able to achieve recognition as artists primarily as a result of their (A) commissions from governments (B) work painting religious scenes in churches (C) role as important teachers in art schools (D) commissions from wealthy patrons (E) marriage to other famous artists

“He desired glory and excellence beyond that of anyone else. He showed favor to vernacular poetry and all the fine arts. Under him the city was not free. but it would have been impossible for it to have had a better or more pleasing tyrant.” The passage above most accurately describes A) Lorenzo de Medici (B) John Calvin (C) William of Orange (D) Frederick William l (E) Philip II

All of the following were common subjects of Italian Renaissance works of art EXCEPT (A) equestrian statues (B) nude figures C) portraits figures from mythology (E) peasant life

In addition to the conquest of the Last Muslim outpost in Spain at Granada and Columbus' voyage to the Americas, which of the following occurred in 1492? (A) Isabella of Castile married Ferdinand of Aragon. (B) Portugal was united with Spain. (C) The Spanish defeated the Turks at Lepanto. (D) The plague broke out in Spain. (E) The Jewish population was expelled from Spain.

"If a Prince wants to maintain his rule, he must learn how not to be virtuous, and to make use of this or not according to his need." The passage above best reflects the argument of (A) Thomas More (B) Machiavelli (C) Louis XIV (D) Frederick the Great (E) Napoleon I

Which of the following most clearly distinguishes the northern Renaissance from the Italian Renaissance? (A) Interest in science and technology (B) Greater concern with religious piety (C) Cultivation of a Latin style (D) Use of national languages in literature (E) Admiration for Scholastic thought

Portuguese commercial expansion overseas in the sixteenth century resulted in (A) military conflicts with Arab explorers over the religious conversion of indigenous peoples (B) seizure of Muslim coastal forts to serve as Portuguese trading posts and military bases (C) the discovery of the Christian ruler of Ethiopia, Prester John (D) the sacking of Istanbul by Portuguese explorers (E) the destruction of the Dutch East India Company

Renaissance humanism is primarily defined as (A) a curriculum based on the study of the classics, rhetoric, and history destruction of the Church (B) an artistic style that portrayed the depraved state of human beings (C) an antieligious program dedicated to the destruction of the Church (D) a philosophical movement that emphasized the beauty of nature (E) a religious movement that attempted to make Christianity relevant to daily experience

Lorenzo Valla's demonstration that the Donation of Constantine was fraudulent weakened the papacy's claim (A) that Lutheranism was a heresy (B) of supremacy over the Orthodox Church (C) that good works were necessary for salvation (D) to extensive territories in Italy (E) to supremacy over church councils

"O highest and most marvelous felicity of man! To him it is granted to have whatever he chooses, to be whatever he wills." The excerpt above is representative of the ideas of (A) Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Social Contrac (B) Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (C) Pico della Mirandola, On the Dignity of Man (D) Martin Luther, Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (E) Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Communist Manifesto

Which of the following best describes the political and economic environment of much of fifteenth- century Italy? (A) A few large states dominated by a wealthy landed nobility (B) A strong unified Italian monarchy that patronized the arts (C) Many independent city-states with prosperous merchant oligarchies (D) Control of most of Italy by the pope, who encouraged mercantile development (E) Support of the arts in Italy by the kings of France and the Holy Roman emperors, who were competing for influence

The term humanism, when applied to Renaissance italy, refers primarily to the (A) renewed interest in the scientific method at many italian universities (B) capitalist values advanced by leading Italian merchant bankers (C) antireligious movement among leading Italian intellectuals (D) scholarly interest in the study of the classical cultures of Greece and Rome (E) non-Christian themes that became prominent in Italian art and literature

During the Renaissance, the most widely read book of manners for the wealthy was (A) The Prince by Machiavelli (B) The Book of the Courtier by Castiglione. (C) Stanze Della, Giostra de Giuiano de Medici by Poliziano. (D) The Divine Comedy by Dante Aligh- ieri. (E) Orlando Furioso by Ariosto.

Machiavelli's ideal prince was (A) Lorenzo de' Medici (B) Giángaleazio Sforza C)) Cesare Borgia (D) Charles VIII. (E) John Hawkwood

Which of the following roles was most socially acceptable for an educated woman in Renaissance Europe? (A) Accountant (B) Sculptor (C) Biblical scholar (D) Political adviser (E) Patron of the arts

Calvinist opposition to Spanish rule in the Netherlands during the sixteenth century took all of the following forms EXCEPT (A) the destruction of religious Roman Catholic Churches (B) increased efforts to convert people to Protestantism (C) attempts to assassinate Philip II (D) demonstrations against the execution of heretics (E) civil war between Roman Catholics and Protestants

Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists condemned Anabaptists for their (A) belief in church-state separation (B) support for infant baptism (C) secular outlook on the world (D) support for papal supremacy (E) use of magic to achieve religious reform

The goals of Protestant princes in Germany before 1555 included the (A) abolition of the Holy Roman Empire (B) achievement of religious toleration for all German people (C) recognition of Lutheranism as a legitimate form of religion (D) extension of Protestantism to all of Europe (E) economic and commercial unity of the German states

Which of the following was a major factor in the spread of humanist culture in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries? (A) The creation of new religious orders by the papacy (B) Annual meetings of humanist scholars in Italy (C) A major increase in government funding for elementary education (D) The development of the printing press (E) The sale of basic textbooks written in the vernacular

Salvation by faith alone, the ministry of all believers, and the authority of the Bible are principles basic to (A) the Christian humanism of Erasmus (B) the Church of England (C) Catholicism after the Council of Trent (D) Lutheranism in the early sixteenth century (E) the Society of Jesus (Jesuit order)

John Calvin established the center of his reformed church in (A) Lyon (B) London (C) Wittenberg (D Geneva ) Basel

Which of the following beliefs was central to Martin Luther's religious philosophy? (A) Salvation by faith alone (B) Saints as intermediaries between the individual Christian and God (C) The sacrament of penance (D) The priesthood defined as distinct from the laity (E) The equality of men and women

"Our sins have their source in Adam, and because Adam ate the apple, we have inherited sin from him. But Christ has shattered death in order that we might be saved by His works and not by our works, Christ says: I am your justification." Martin Luther

Which of the following best describes Luther's meaning in the excerpt above? (A) Only faith in Christ will bring salvation, not good works (B) "Justification" is different from "salvation." good works. (C) Faith means nothing without good works to demonstrate belief (D) Good works are necessary for justification, but only faith in Christ will bring salvation (E) Neither faith nor good works will bring salvation

Peasant men in seventeenth- and eighteenth- century Europe generally married in their late twenties primarily because (A) they had to spend a period of time in the military (B) they were required to finish their apprenticeships (C) there were more women than men (D) Church law prohibited early marriage (E) they wanted to first establish independent households

Martin Luther's response to the German Peasants War of 1524 1525 demonstrated his (A) ignorance of the economic plight of the peasantry (B) emphasis on the social aspects of Christ's teaching (C) refusal to comment on social or political issues (D) belief the necessity of a unified German state (E) support of the prevailing social and political order

Which technical advance contributed most to Martin Luther's success in northern Europe? (A) gunpowder (B) the printing press (C) Macadam (D) the astrolab (E) the telescope

How did subsequent French monarchs view the Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV of France in 1598? (A) As sinful, because it undermined the Protestant faith (B) As dangerous, because it established a state within a state (C) As useful, because it separated church and state (D) Unfavorably, because it gave the papacy control over the French church hierarchy (E) Favorably, because it unified state and church

The Diet of Woms was (A) an Imperial Council that Martin Luther refused to attend (B) the site of a debate between Martin Luther and John Eck. (C) an Imperial Council that ordered Martin Luther to recant and condemned him when he refused. (D) a meeting in which the German princes took the decision to defend Martin Luther in the face of threats by Charles V (E) a Protestant Council whose aim was to unify the various Protestant sects.

Calvinist laws prohibited (A) investments and profits. (B) dancing and gambling. (C) the mixing of church and state. (D) corporal punishment. (E) education for women.

The expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492 was similar to the expulsion of the Huguenots from France in that (A) both countries were deprived of a skilled middle class (B) both were brought about at the insistence of the pope (C) they were carried out in the face of the opposition of a majority of the citizens of both countries (D) they were purely economic in motivation (E) they were based primarily on military considerations.

When Martin Luther wrote that "the fool wants to turn the whole art of astronomy upside down," who was he calling a fool? (A) Pope Leo X (B) Nicholas Copernicus (C) Galileo Galilei (D) Ptolemy (E) Jobannes Kepler

The response of the Roman Catholic church to the Protestant Reformation included all of the following EXCEPT (A) the abolition of the Index of Prohibited Books (B) the establishment of the Society of Jesus (Jesuit order) (C) the convening of the Council of Trent (D) the founding of women's orders active in education and care of the sick (E) an increase in the number of parish grammar schools

Major Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders of the sixteenth century condemned the Anabaptists because Anabaptists (A) rejected the Bible as the source of religious truth (B) favored government enforcement of morality (C) advocated a complete separation of church and state (D) restored the privileges of the clergy (E) tried to reconcile Protestant and Catholic teachings

Which of the following is true of the German Peasants' Revolt of 1524-1525? (A) The revolt led to the emancipation of the German serfs (B) The revolt was organized by Martin Luther to break papal power in the German states (C) The peasants were supported by French armies during the revolt (D) The revolt was the first in Europe in which economic egalitarianism was a major rallying point. (E) The revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands.

Which of the following affected the status of women during the Reformation? (A) The suppression of nunneries and the institution of a married clergy (B) Papal agreement allowing the ordination of women (C) Permission from secular rulers permitting women to own property (D) The abolition of primogeniture and the institution of equal inheritance for men and women (E) The establishment of equal access to education for men and women

Which of the following best describes the results of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) ? (A) It empowered German rulers to impose Lutheran, Calvinist, or Zwinglian Protestantism. (B) It was rejected by the Emperor Charles V. (C) It released all German-speaking states from papal authority (D) It established toleration for Anabaptists (E) It provided a legal basis for the existence of Lutheranism.

The primary purpose of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) was to (A) end the wars between the Hapsburgs and the Valois (B) end the civil war between Lutherans and Roman Catholics in the German states (C) end the Thirty Years' War (D) create better trade relations among German princes (E) facilitate diplomatic relations between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Turks

The Roman Catholic Council of Trent (1545-1563) (A) a compromise with Protestants to reunite Christians (B) a political compromise with the Protestant princes of Central Europe (C) reform within the Catholic church and reaffirmation of Catholic doctrine (D) the firm reestablishment of conciliar power over the papacy (E) creation of a balance of power between the papacy and the heads of the great Catholic states

The massacre of Saint Bartholomew's Day (1572) was directed against (A) Catherine de Médicis and her followers in Paris (B) Anabaptists in the Netherlands (C) Roman Catholics throughout the German states (D) peasant rebels in the southern German states (E) Huguenots in France

The conversion to Catholicism of King Henry IV of France is an example of the policies of the (A) Jansenists (B) politiques (C) philosophes (D) physiocrats (E) Jacobins

Which of the following cities dominated European trade and finance in the early seventeenth century? (A) Venice (B) Paris (C) London (D) Amsterdam (E) Madrid

A primary goal of Philip II of Spain was to (A) grant toleration to religious minorities (B) create a monarchy accessible to the people (C) reunite the Spanish and Austrian Hapsburg empires (D) strengthen the Spanish economy (E) maintain Spanish control of the Netherlands

Which of the following most accurately describes the political system of the Dutch republic of the seventeenth century? (A) Popular democracy (B) Rule by an absolute monarch (C) Rule by wealthy merchants (D) Control by feudal lords (E) Rule by yeoman farmers

The Edict of Nantes in 1598 did which of the following? (A) Ensured Anglo-French cooperation throughout the seventeenth century. (B) Created a French church separated from papal authority. (C) Ended the War of the Spanish Succession. (D) Proclaimed the tolerationt of Calvinism. (E) Precipitated the French Wars of Religion.

Which of the following was the most important factor behind the Price Revolution of the sixteenth century? (A) Steady population growth and rising food costs (B) The massive emigration of Europeans to the New World (C) The militarization of society and massive war taxes (D) Governmental control of the economy (E) The rapid growth of manufacturing and the depopulation of the countryside

Which of the following is true of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden? (A) He was a devout Roman Catholic. (B) He was a major participant in the Thirty Years (C) He defeated the Russian army at the Battle of Borodino (D) He established Calvinism as the Swedish state religion (E) He set up an organization to mediate international disputes

The Peace of Westphalia (1648) resulted in which of the following? (A) Undisputed control over central Europe by the Hapsburgs (B) The creation of a strong central government to rule the Holy Roman Empire (C) The guaranteed independence of numerous small German states (D) An end to the persecution of Protestants in the Hapsburgs Empire (D) An end to the Hundred Years' War

During the Thirty Years War, France pursued a policy of (A) supporting the Hapsburgs against the Protestant princes and rulers (B) allowing French-Protestants to fight for the Protestants even though the monarchy supported the Roman Catholics (C) supporting the Protestant princes and rulers against the Hapsburgs (D) remaining neutral (E) opposing England in order to recapture Normandy

Sixteenth- and seventeenth-century European political leaders generally viewed religious toleration as (A) leading to dangerous civil disorder (B) resulting in economic prosperity (C) restricted to Christians and Jews (D) commanded by God in the Bible (E) promoted by Protestant denominations

The long-term effect of the Thirty Years War on the German states was to (A) restrict Lutheranism to southern German states (B) initiate a long era of peace and rapid states economic recovery (C) encourage unification (D) devastate the German states' economies (E) increase the power of the Holy Roman Emperor

Which of the following was a result of the Thirty Years’ War? A) England and Spain became the dominant powers in Europe (B) Calvinism was made the state religion of the Hapsburg Empire (C) The Hapsburg dynasty solidified its control over the Holy Roman Empire (D) The Holy Roman Empire enjoyed widespread economic and demographic growth (E) Roman Empire was maintained.

Which of the following claims does de azurara make in the first paragraph regarding Henry's motives for keeping armed ships?

Which of the following evidence regarding France does azpilcueta use to support his argument?

Where did Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from?

Which of the following best describes the trend in the first two categories from the first period to the second period?