At what offset are the applications last access date and time located in a Prefetch file?

Windows Prefetch File (PF) format

Summary

A Windows Prefetch File (PF) is used by Microsoft Windows to improve Windows and application start-up performance by loading application data into memory before it is demanded. This specification is based on earlier work on the format and was enhanced by analyzing test data.

This document is intended as a working document of the data format specification for the libscca project.

Document information

License

Copyright (C) 2011-2020, Joachim Metz <>.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the
terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no
Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".

Revision history

1. Overview

A Windows Prefetch File (PF) is used by Microsoft Windows to improve Windows and application start-up performance by loading application data into memory before it is demanded.

A PF consist of the following distinguishable elements:

• file header

• file metrics array

• trace chains array

• filename strings

• trailing data (alignment padding?)

  • volume information

  • file references

  • directory names

  • trailing data (alignment padding?)

As of Windows 10 the PF is stored in compressed form in a MAM file similar to SuperFetch. Also see: [LIBAGDB].

1.1. Test version

Files created by the following version of programs were used to test the information within this document:

• Windows XP

• Windows 2003

• Windows Vista (SP0)

• TODO: Windows 2008

• Windows 7 (SP0)

• TODO: Windows 8

• TODO: Windows 2012

• Windows 8.1

• Windows 10 1809

• Windows 10 1903

1.2. Prefetch files

The Prefetch files can be found in:

The prefetch filename, except for the extension, is commonly in upper case and structured as:

<executable filename>-<prefetch hash>.pf

Where "executable filename" is the filename of the original executable truncated to 29 characters, and "prefetch hash" is calculated based on the original filename. For more information on calculating the prefetch hash see section: Calculating the prefetch hash.

<executable filename>-<prefetch hash>.pf

1.2.1. NTFS alternate data streams

If an NTFS alternate data stream (ADS) e.g.

C:\Windows\System32\notepad.exe:evil.exe

is executed then the resulting file will be:

C:\Windows\Prefetch\notepad.exe:evil.pf

The same applies to directories.

2. Common data structures

2.1. The file reference

Windows uses the file reference to represents a specific file system entry such as a MFT entry on NTFS. Individual file systems are represented differently.

2.1.1. NTFS file reference

The NTFS file reference is 8 bytes of size and consists of:

3. Compressed Prefetch file - MAM file format

A compressed Prefetch file - MAM file consist of the following distinguishable elements:

• file header

• compressed blocks

• Block terminator? (2 x 0-byte values)

The compression method is Microsoft XPRESS Huffman (or LZXPRESS). Note that this is a different compression method as Microsoft XPRESS (LZ77+DIRECT2).

3.1. File header

The file header is 8 bytes of size and consists of:

3.2. Compressed block

The compressed block is variable of size and consists of:

For more information about LZXPRESS Huffman see: LIBFWNT].

4. Uncompressed Prefetch file

4.1. File header

The file header is 84 bytes of size and consists of:

4.1.1. Format version

4.2. File information

4.2.1. File information - version 17

The file information - version 17 is 68 bytes of size and consists of:

4.2.2. File information - version 23

The file information - version 23 is 156 bytes of size and consists of:

The entries with a bold offset and size were changed since version 17.

4.2.3. File information - version 26

The file information - version 26 is 224 bytes of size and consists of:

The entries with a bold offset and size were changed since version 23.

4.2.4. File information - version 30

• Variant 1, that is 224 bytes in size and appears to be similar to the file information version 26.

• Variant 2, that is 216 bytes in size.

File information - version 30 - variant 2

The file information - version 30 - variant 2 is 224 bytes of size and consists of:

The entries with a bold offset and size were changed since version 26 (or 30 - variant 1).

4.3. File metrics array

The file metrics array consists of entries containing metrics about the files loaded by the executable.

4.3.1. File metrics array entry - version 17

The file metrics array entry - version 17 is 20 bytes in size and consists of:

4.3.2. File metrics array entry - version 23

The file metrics array entry - version 23 is 32 bytes in size and consists of:

The entries with a bold offset and size were changed since version 17.

4.3.3. File metrics array entry - version 26

The file metrics array entry - version 26 appears to be similar to the file metrics array entry - version 23.

4.3.4. File metrics array entry - version 30

The file metrics array entry - version 30 appears to be similar to the file metrics array entry - version 23.

4.4. Trace chains array

A trace chain is similar to a File Allocation Table (FAT) chain where the array entries form chains and -1 (0xffffffff) is used to mark the end-of-chain. The chains in the trace chains array correspond with the entries in the file metrics array, meaning the first trace chain relates to the first file metrics array entry.

4.4.1. Trace chain array entry - version 17

The trace chain array entry - version 17 is 12 bytes in size and consists of:

4.4.2. Trace chain array entry - version 23

The trace chain array entry - version 23 appears to be similar to the trace chain array entry - version 17.

4.4.3. Trace chain array entry - version 26

The trace chain array entry - version 26 appears to be similar to the trace chain array entry - version 17.

4.4.4. Trace chain array entry - version 30

The trace chain array entry - version 30 is 8 bytes in size and consists of:

4.5. Filename strings

The directory strings consists of:

• an array of filename strings

A filename string is an UTF-16 little-endian strings with end-of-string character.

Is the the array followed by alignment padding? If so what is the size of the alignment,16-byte? Seen values ranging from 6 to 2 bytes.

4.6. Volumes information

The volumes information consists of:

• an array of volume information entries

• volume information data

  • volume device path

  • file references

  • directory strings

• Trailing data

Trailing data seen:

Version 26
00001df0  53 00 49 00 47 00 53 00  00 00 ff ff ff ff ff ff  |S.I.G.S.........|
00001e00  ff ff ff ff ff ff ff ff  ff ff                    |..........|

Version 26
0000c630  57 00 4f 00 57 00 36 00  34 00 00 00 50 00 43 00  |W.O.W.6.4...P.C.|
0000c640  4f 00 52 00 45 00                                 |O.R.E.|

Version 30
00004980: 45 00 4d 00 33 00 32 00  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00   E.M.3.2. ........
00004990: 08 09 05 f8                                        ....

4.6.1. Volume information entry

Volume information entry - version 17

The volume information entry - version 17 is 40 bytes in size and consists of:

Volume information entry - version 23

The volume information entry - version 23 is 104 bytes in size and consists of:

The entries with a bold offset and size were changed since version 17.

Volume information entry - version 26

The volume information entry - version 26 appears to be similar to the volume information entry - version 23.

Volume information entry - version 30

The volume information entry - version 30 is 96 bytes in size and consists of:

The entries with a bold offset and size were changed since version 23.

4.6.2. Volume device path

The volume device path is a UTF-16 little-endian string with end-of-string character.

4.7. File references

4.7.1. File references - version 17

The file references - version 17 are variable of size and consists of:

First 8 bytes of the array not used? Remnant data or volume identifier?

Note: do the file references represent file handles used by the executable? They seem to refer to files e.g. DLL

File references - version 23

The file references - version 23 are variable of size and consists of:

First 8 bytes of the array not used? Remnant data or volume identifier?

File references - version 26

The file references - version 26 appears to be similar to the file references - version 23.

File references - version 30

The file references - version 30 appears to be similar to the file references - version 23.

4.7.2. Directory strings

The directory strings consists of:

• an array of directory string entries

The directory string entry is variable of size and consists of:

5. Calculating the prefetch hash

There are multiple known hashing functions to be used for prefetch filename hashing, namely:

• SCCA XP hash function; used on Windows XP and Windows 2003

• SCCA Vista hash function; used on Windows Vista, Windows 10

• SCCA 2008 hash function; used on Windows 2008, Windows 7, Windows 2012 and Windows 8 (including 8.1)

5.1. SCCA XP hash function

A Python implementation of the SCCA XP hash function:

def ssca_xp_hash_function(filename):
    hash_value = 0
    for character in filename:
        hash_value = ((hash_value * 37) + ord(character)) % 0x100000000

    hash_value = (hash_value * 314159269) % 0x100000000

    if hash_value > 0x80000000:
        hash_value = 0x100000000 - hash_value

    return (abs(hash_value) % 1000000007) % 0x100000000

5.2. SCCA Vista hash function

A Python implementation of the SCCA Vista hash function:

def ssca_vista_hash_function(filename):
    hash_value = 314159

    for character in filename:
        hash_value = ((hash_value * 37) + ord(character)) % 0x100000000

    return hash_value

5.3. SCCA 2008 hash function

A Python implementation of the SCCA 2008 hash function:

def ssca_2008_hash_function(filename):
    hash_value = 314159
    filename_index = 0
    filename_length = len(filename)

    while filename_index + 8 < filename_length:
        character_value = ord(filename[filename_index + 1]) * 37
        character_value += ord(filename[filename_index + 2])
        character_value *= 37
        character_value += ord(filename[filename_index + 3])
        character_value *= 37
        character_value += ord(filename[filename_index + 4])
        character_value *= 37
        character_value += ord(filename[filename_index + 5])
        character_value *= 37
        character_value += ord(filename[filename_index + 6])
        character_value *= 37
        character_value += ord(filename[filename_index]) * 442596621
        character_value += ord(filename[filename_index + 7])

        hash_value = ((character_value - (hash_value * 803794207)) %
                      0x100000000)

        filename_index += 8

    while filename_index < filename_length:
        hash_value = (((37 * hash_value) + ord(filename[filename_index])) %
                      0x100000000)

        filename_index += 1

    return hash_value

5.4. Hashing the executable filename

The steps to hash the executable filename are:

1. Determine the full path for the executable, e.g. let’s assume the full path for "notepad.exe" is "C:\Windows\notepad.exe".

2. Convert the full path into an upper-case Windows device path: "\DEVICE\HARDDISKVOLUME1\WINDOWS\NOTEPAD.EXE"

3. Convert the string into an UTF-16 little-endian stream without a byte-order-mark or an end-of-string character (2x 0-bytes)

4. Apply the appropriate hash function.

E.g. on Windows XP (32-bit) calculating the prefetch hash of "\DEVICE\HARDDISKVOLUME1\WINDOWS\NOTEPAD.EXE" should generate the value 0x189578da. Which should correspond to the prefetch hash value in the prefetch filename e.g. "C:\Windows\Prefetch\NOTEPAD.EXE-189578DA.pf".

TODO: describe command line arguments

TODO: describe /prefetch flag

TODO: describe UNC path

5.4.1. Notes: /prefetch flag

The /prefetch:# flag is looked at by the OS when we create the process --
however, it has one (and only one) purpose.  We add the passed number to the
hash.  Why?  WMP is a multipurpose application and may do many different
things.

It appears that the following are equivalent on Windows 10 1903 and 2004:

• Notepad.exe

• Notepad.exe /prefetch:0

• Notepad.exe /prefetch:9

So that /prefetch:[0-8] only seem to be the supported values and the /prefetch:9 and larger are equivalent to /prefetch:0

5.5. Notes

#define RNDM_CONSTANT 314159269
#define RNDM_PRIME 1000000007

ULONG CcPfHashValue (PVOID Key, ULONG Len)
/ *
Routine Description:
Generic hash routine.

Arguments:
Key - Pointer to data to calculate a hash value for.
Len - Number of bytes pointed to by key.

Return Value:
Hash value.
* /
{
char * cp = Key;
ULONG i, ConvKey = 0;

for (i = 0; i <Len; i + +)
{
ConvKey = 37 * ConvKey + (unsigned int) * cp;
cp + +;
}

return (abs (RNDM_CONSTANT * ConvKey)% RNDM_PRIME);
}

Appendix A: References

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