All of the following contributed to the abolition of slavery by European states EXCEPT the

"Creole" cultures emerge:

a. When two or more distinct cultures exist in proximity and absorb influences from each other.
b. Generally only when societies are militarily defeated by a stronger society and have the customs of the conqueror forced upon them.
c. When indigenous religions are eradicated.
d. Generally only when subordinate people imitate the manners and language of dominant societies.

All of the following is true of indentured laborers EXCEPT:

a. English planters in Barbados imported English and Irish indentured laborers to tobacco, cotton, indigo, and ginger production.
b. After English and Irish workers became unwilling to migrate as indentured laborers, law courts sentenced those accused of crimes for transport to serve as indentured labor.
c. Many poor English and Irish people were tricked or kidnapped for that purpose.
d. Indenture was abandoned because African slaves quickly proved a better source of labor.

After 1434, the following discovery accelerated European contacts with the African west coast:

a. The adverse currents and prevailing winds along the west coast of Africa that impeded the return journey were overcome by sailing across the Atlantic to the Americas, thence to Europe in what is now known as the triangle trade.
b. The adverse currents and prevailing winds along the west coast of Africa that impeded the return journey were overcome by sailing toward the Atlantic islands such as the Canaries, Madeira, and Azores.
c. The new merchant ships were equipped for both rowing and sailing, using slaves being transported for sale as rowers, keeping them fit as well as expediting the journey.
d. The Portuguese learned new navigation techniques that allowed them to round the southern tip of Africa and sail across the Pacific.

In the opening vignette of the chapter, Dona Beatriz is portrayed as all of the following

:

a. A deeply religious woman who believed that she was the reincarnation of St. Anthony of Padua
b. A committed pacifist, determined to prevent violence at any cost.
c. God's providential sent to restore the Catholic faith.
d. A critic of the Catholic faith in the efficacy of the sacraments.

The only founder of an English colony in North America who lived to see it become part of the United States was:

a. James Oglethorpe
b. Martin Lewis
c. Thomas Jefferson
d. William Penn

All of the following statements are true of the Portuguese interaction or contacts in West Africa

:

a. African agriculturalists became much more productive after adopting the Portuguese iron plow shears.
b. By the 1440s, Portuguese mariners raided the West African coast for slaves.
c. In early skirmishes with Africans, the precisely aimed poisoned arrows of the Africans were more effective than the Portuguese muskets.
d. The Portuguese gained rights to trade and build posts through treaties with local African leaders.

The United States Supreme Court  "Dred Scott Decision" ruled:

a. That African slaves had human rights that must be respected, such as the right to adequate nutrition and a safe place to sleep.
b. That slaves imported into the United States held the same status as farm animals.
c. That children born took the same status as the highest status parent.
d. That white people could never be enslaved.

One of the ports that benefitted most from the slave trade was:

a. Barbados, where slaves were exchanged for molasses
b. Boston, where molasses was processed into rum.
c. Liverpool, where manufactured goods, such as guns, knives, textiles, and other wares would sail to Africa where the goods would be exchanged for slaves.
d. Capetown, from whence most slaves were exported.

The first slaves sold in the English colonies of North America were:

a. Captured as a part of the cargo of a Portuguese ship en route to Vera Cruz, Mexico.
b. Brought to New York as tobacco plantation workers.
c. Sold with the justification that their souls would be saved after their owners led them  to Christianity.
d. Sold by a Spanish privateer as the spoils of war with the French.

"Mercantilism" is a political/economic theory that holds that:

a. Merchants enrich their society, and should therefore occupy political leadership positions.
b. That a thriving import business is vital to national interests.
c. That nations are weakened by excessive export.
d. That the security of a nation depends on the supply of precious metals it controls.

The Hausa kingdoms:

a. Were located in the far south, near the Horn of Africa.
b. "Hausa" was the name given to the three kingdoms that formed around 1500.
c. Formed at the height of the Mali-dominated trans Saharan trade.
d. Successfully prevented the spread of Islam religious beliefs into their territories.

The following order is correct:

a. Proprietors of Barbados establish Colony of Carolina; first African slaves in England’s North American colonies; first African slaves land in Hispaniola; first African slaves land in Brazil.
b. First African slaves in England’s North American colonies; proprietors of Barbados establish Colony of Carolina; first African slaves land in Hispaniola; first African slaves land in Brazil.
c. First African slaves land in Hispaniola; first African slaves land in Brazil; First African slaves in England's North American colonies; Proprietors of Barbados establish Colony of Carolina.
d. First African slaves land in Brazil; first African slaves in England’s North American colonies; Proprietors of Barbados establish Colony of Carolina; first African slaves land in Hispaniola.

The average life span of a plantation slave is estimated to be:

a. Five or six years.
b. Until age 50 for males; slightly longer for females.
c. Until age 27 or so.
d. Twelve to fifteen years.

Between the years 1482 and 1888:

a. More than 250 slave revolts took place in the Americas and Caribbean.
b. Less than 200 slave revolts took place in the Americas and Caribbean
c. More than 2000 slave revolts took place in the Americas and Caribbean.
d. There were about 26 slave revolts in the Americas and Caribbean.

All of the following is true of the trade between Portuguese mariners and the kingdom of Benin

:

a. The king of Benin allowed the Portuguese to build a fort on the coast in 1487.
b. At first the trade consisted of an exchange of palm oil, ivory, woolens, beads, malagueta pepper and slaves in exchange for European guns, powder, metalware, salt, and cottons.
c. When a later king ordered the halt of the slave trade, the Portuguese agreed, and turned to European sources of labor.
d. The admission of missionaries and Portuguese envoys allowed members of the Royal court to learn about Portuguese culture.

Trade between Europeans and Africans during the period 1500 to 1800:

a. Was largely motivated by food shortages during the cold period known as "the little ice age", and was generally comprised of wheat, rice, or other grains necessary to sustain life.
b. Was generally an exchange of luxury goods rather than basic necessities, geared toward enhancing elite power through a display of conspicuous consumption.
c. Almost always included quantities of alcoholic beverages to entice Africans to enter into trade with Europeans.
d. Primarily involved the exportation of slaves during the first two centuries.

All of the following were important economically in the Carolinas

:

a. Sugar cane and molasses
b. Rice
c. Indigo
d. Woven cotton cloth.

Some Catholic monks in the kingdom of Kongo denounced nagandas as:

a. Immoral women such as prostitutes.
b. Wives who refused to take care of their children.
c. Witches.
d. Men who left their families in order to seek their fortunes elsewhere.

The long-range impact of a Muslim invasion of northern Sub-Saharan Africa in the sixteenth century:

a. Strengthened the drive toward centralization in the area as societies organized for war.
b. Brought empire-building in the northern Sub-Saharan African societies to a halt.
c. Caused the societies in the savanna region of Central Africa to scatter and decentralize.
d. Put most of Africa under Sharia law.

All of the following are true of Songhay

:

a. It was initially a tributary state of Mali.
b. It was centered on the city of Gao, on the Niger River.
c. They amassed the wealth to embark on a drive of military conquest by raiding caravans and other trade missions.
d. It the time of Mali's greatest power, the Songhai were an ethnic group of herders, villagers, and fishermen.

In South Central Africa (on the southern side of the rainforest, the eastern part of the southern savanna, and the Great Lakes area of Central Africa):

a. Muslim influence arrived early in the fifth century.
b. Protected by their remote location, societies tended to grow in population.
c. Increases in population led them to participate in the European slave trade by the sixteenth century.
d. Because of their remote location, there was never a need to develop political organization, such as chiefdoms.

All of the following is true of the Carolina colony

:

a. It began under the authority of the Lords Proprietors in Barbados.
b. It was intended as a place to transport religious dissenters as well as a bulwark against the Spanish in Florida.
c. The settlers there realized very quickly that Native Americans were not a viable source of slaves.
d. It was a source for vital supplies necessary for building ships.

An African empire during the 15th and 16th centuries was:

a. Benin
b. Ethiopia
c. Banem-Bornu
d. Songhay

All of the following are true of the Americas soon after the Spanish arrived:

a. The population of Tainos and Caribs disappeared.
b. As many Europeans died from American diseases as Americans from European diseases.
c. Smallpox epidemics ravished the Native peoples.
d. African slaves were imported to supplement the labor force.

All of the following are true of the system of slavery in the Americas

:

a. An estimated 12 percent died in transit.
b. There is no general agreement as to the exact number of Africans brought to the Americas as slaves, but it is estimated that around 12.5 million were shipped from Africa.
c. The greatest number of slaves was shipped to Brazil.
d. The greatest number of slaves was imported into the southern part of the United States.

"Presentism" is

a. The belief that we can judge the past through an analysis of the long-term impact of the decisions and actions of past societies.
b. A belief that modern humans can only learn from the past by looking at it through the lens of modern knowledge.
c. A bias toward present-day attitudes as we interpret history.
d. The belief that the events of the past inevitably led to today’s reality.

All of the following are true of the Moroccan forces that invaded Sub-Saharan Africa in 1591,

:

a. They were more interested in finding a source for agricultural imports and slaves than they were resources, such as the gold mines of the rain forests.
b. The troops consisted of a Black slave infantry.
c. The Moroccan forces were equipped with muskets and cannon.
d. They had successfully driven Portugal from the Atlantic coast of Africa.

All of the following were true of Ethiopia in the 15 th and 16 th centuries

:

a. Ethiopian economy was based on plow-based agriculture, with the king controlling a trade in gold, ivory, animal skins and slaves.
b. By the early 16 th century, Ethiopians were contending for a port on the Red Sea with the Muslim sultanate of Adal.
c. The Portuguese aided Ethiopia in its war with Adal.
d. the Ottoman Empire at first aided Adal, but eventually retreated entirely from the Red Sea when faced by Ethiopian determination and Portuguese military might.