A physical view shows data as it is actually organized and structured on the data storage media

27. The logical viewA) shows how data are organized and structured on the storage media.B) presents an entry screen to the user.C) allows the creation of supplementary reports.D) presents data as they would be perceived by end users.

28. Microsoft SQL Server is a(n)

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29. In a relational database, a record is referred to in technical terms as a(n)

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B) row.C) entity.D) field.30. A field identified in a table as holding the unique identifier of the table's records is called the

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31. A field identified in a record as holding the unique identifier for that record is called theA) primary key.B) key field.C) primary field.D) unique ID.

32.In a relational database, the three basic operations used to develop useful sets of data are

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33. The data dictionary serves as an important data management tool by

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34. DBMSs typically include report-generating tools in order to

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B) display data in an easier-to-read format.C) display data in graphs.D) perform predictive analysis.35. Normalization- The process of streamlining data to minimize redundancy and awkward many-to-manyrelationships36. The tool that enables users to view the same data in different ways using multiple dimensions isA) predictive analysis.B) SQL.C) OLAP (A tool for enabling users to obtain answers to ad-hoc questions in a rapid amount of time)D) data mining.

37. ________ tools are used to analyze large unstructured data sets, such as e-mail, memos, survey responses, etc.,to discover patterns and relationships.

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What are the problems of managing data resources in a traditional file environment, and how are they solved by a database management system?

• List and describe each of the components in the data hierarchy.
  
• Define and explain the significance of entities, attributes, and key fields.
  
• List and describe the problems of the traditional file environment.
  
• Define a database and a database management system and describe how it solves the problems of a traditional file environment.
  

What are the major capabilities of DBMS, and why is a relational DBMS so powerful?

• Name and briefly describe the capabilities of a DBMS. • Define a relational DBMS, and explain how it organizes data. • List and describe the three operations of a relational DBMS.

What are some important database design principles?

• Define and describe normalization and referential integrity, and explain how they contribute to a well-designed relational database. • Define and describe an entity-relationship diagram, and explain its role in database design.

What are the principal tools and technologies for accessing information from databases to improve business performance and decision-making?

• Define a data warehouse, explaining how it works and how it benefits organizations. • Define business intelligence, and explain how it is related to database technology. • Describe the capabilities of online analytical processing (OLAP). • Define data mining, describing how it differs from OLAP and the types of information it provides. • Explain how text mining and Web mining differ from conventional data mining. • Describe how users can access information from a company’s internal databases through the Web.

Why are information policy, data administration, and data quality assurance essential for managing a firm’s data resources?

• Describe the roles of information policy and data administration in information management. • Explain why data quality audits and data cleansing are essential.

Each characteristic or quality describing a particular entity

smallest unit of data a computer can handle

single character, which can be a letter, a number, or another symbol

The same attribute may have different values (i.e. updating in some locations, but not others)

Data manipulation language, 185

duplicate data in multiple data files so that the same data are stored in more than one place or location

Database (rigorous definition)

collection of data organized to serve many applications efficiently by centralizing the data and managing redundant data. Rather than storing data in separate files for each application, data are stored so as to appear to users as being stored in only one location. A single database services multiple applications.

Database administration, 195

Database management system (DBMS)

Software that permits an organization to centralize data, manage them efficiently, and provide access to the stored data by application programs. The DBMS acts as an interface between application programs and the physical data files. When the application program calls for a data item, such as gross pay, the DBMS finds this item in the database and presents it to the application program. Using traditional data files, the programmer would have to specify the size and format of each data element used in the program and then tell the computer where they were located.

person, place, thing, or event about which we store and maintain information

Entity-relationship diagram, 187

A grouping of characters into a word, a group of words, or a complete number (such as a person’s name or age)

a group of records of the same type

Presents data as they would be perceived by end users or business specialists

The process of creating small, stable, yet flexible and adaptive data structures from complex groups of data

Online analytical processing (OLAP),

Shows how data are actually organized and structured on physical storage media

Predictive analytics, 192

Coupling of data stored in files and the specific programs required to update and maintain those files so that changes in programs require changes to the data

A group of related fields, such as the student’s name, the course taken, the date, and the grade

Records (in relational database), 183

Referential integrity, 187

There can be many parts on a single order to a given supplier

Structured Query Language (SQL)

Why are information policy, data administration, and data quality assurance essential for managing the firm’s data resources? 

Developing a database environment requires policies and procedures for managing organizational data as well as a good data model and database technology. A formal information policy governs the maintenance, distribution, and use of information in the organization. In large corporations, a formal data administration function is responsible for information policy, as well as for data planning, data dictionary development, and monitoring data usage in the firm. Data that are inaccurate, incomplete, or inconsistent create serious operational and financial problems for businesses because they may create inaccuracies in product pricing, customer accounts, and inventory data and lead to inaccurate decisions about the actions that should be taken by the firm. Firms must take special steps to make sure they have a high level of data quality. These include using enterprise-wide data standards, databases designed to minimize inconsistent and redundant data, data quality audits, and data cleansing software.

4. What are the principal tools and technologies for accessing information from databases to improve business performance and decision-making? 

Powerful tools are available to analyze and access the information in databases. A data warehouse consolidates current and historical data from many different operational systems in a central database designed for reporting and analysis. Data warehouses support multidimensional data analysis, also known as online analytical processing (OLAP). OLAP represents relationships among data as a multidimensional structure, which can be visualized as cubes of data and cubes within cubes of data, enabling more sophisticated data analysis. Data mining analyzes large pools of data, including the contents of data warehouses, to find patterns and rules that can be used to predict future behaviour and guide decision making. Text mining tools help businesses analyze large, unstructured data sets consisting of text. Web mining tools focus on analysis of useful patterns and information from the World Wide Web, examining the structure of Web sites and activities of site users as well as the contents of Web pages. Conventional databases can be linked via middleware to the Web or a Web interface to facilitate user access to an organization’s internal data.

What are some important database design principles?

Designing a database requires both a logical design and a physical design. The logical design models the database from a business perspective. The organization’s data model should reflect its key business processes and decision-making requirements. The process of creating small, stable, flexible, and adaptive data structures from complex groups of data when designing a relational database is termed normalization. A well-designed relational database will not have many-to-many relationships, and all attributes for a specific entity will only apply to that entity. It will try to enforce referential integrity rules to ensure that relationships between coupled tables remain consistent. An entity-relationship diagram graphically depicts the relationship between entities (tables) in a relational database.

What are the major capabilities of DBMS, and why is a relational DBMS so powerful?

The principal capabilities of a DBMS include a data definition capability, a data dictionary capability, and a data manipulation language. The data definition capability specifies the structure and content of the database. The data dictionary is an automated or manual file that stores information about the data in the database, including names, definitions, formats, and descriptions of data elements. The data manipulation language, such as SQL, is a specialized language for accessing and manipulating the data in the database. The relational database is the primary method for organizing and maintaining data today in information systems because it is so flexible and accessible. It organizes data in two-dimensional tables called relations with rows and columns. Each table contains data about an entity and its attributes. Each row represents a record, and each column represents an attribute or field. Each table also contains a key field to uniquely identify each record for retrieval or manipulation. Relational database tables can be combined easily to deliver data required by users, provided that any two or more tables share a common data element.

What are the problems of managing data resources in a traditional file environment, and how are they solved by a database management system? 

Traditional file management techniques make it difficult for organizations to keep track of all of the pieces of data they use in a systematic way and to organize these data so that they can be easily accessed. Different functional areas and groups were allowed to develop their own files independently. Over time, this traditional file management environment creates problems such as data redundancy and inconsistency, program–data dependence, inflexibility, poor security, and lack of data sharing and availability. A database management system (DBMS) solves these problems with software that permits centralization of data and data management so that businesses have a single, consistent source for all their data needs. Using a DBMS minimizes redundant and inconsistent files.