A client is burned on the anterior part of both legs, from the knees to the feet

Q: What is the relationship between a clients burning body surface?

Which relationship between a clients burned body surface area and fluid loss should the nurse consider when evaluating fluid loss in a client with burns? Directly proportional: There is a greater extravasation of fluid into the tissues as the amount of tissue volume increases.

Overview

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome is an exercise-induced muscle and nerve condition that causes pain, swelling and sometimes disability in the affected muscles of the legs or arms. Anyone can develop the condition, but it's more common in young adult runners and athletes who participate in activities that involve repetitive impact.

Inhaltsverzeichnis Show

When to see a doctor
Risk factors
Complications
When to see a doctor
Risk factors
Complications
Which action would be the nurse's first priority when receiving a client with major burns?
Which symptom would the nurse observe on a client who sustained a superficial partial thickness burn?
What is the relationship between a client's burning body surface?
Which assessment indicates the expected outcome of the fluid resuscitation for a client with a burn injury?

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome may respond to nonsurgical treatment and activity modification. If nonsurgical treatment doesn't help, your doctor might recommend surgery. Surgery is successful for many people and might allow you to return to your sport.

Symptoms

Your limbs have specific areas of muscle (compartments). Your lower leg, for example, has four compartments. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome often occurs in the same compartment of an affected limb on both sides of the body, usually the lower leg.

Signs and symptoms can include:

Aching, burning or cramping pain in a compartment of the affected limb
Tightness in the affected limb
Numbness or tingling in the affected limb
Weakness of the affected limb
Foot drop, in severe cases, if legs are affected
Occasionally, swelling or bulging as a result of a muscle hernia

Pain caused by chronic exertional compartment syndrome typically follows this pattern:

Begins consistently after a certain time, distance or intensity of exertion after you start exercising the affected limb
Progressively worsens as you exercise
Becomes less intense or stops completely within 15 minutes of stopping the activity
Over time, recovery time after exercise may increase

Taking a complete break from exercise or performing only low-impact activity might relieve your symptoms, but relief is usually only temporary. Once you take up running again, for instance, those familiar symptoms usually come back.

When to see a doctor

If you have recurring unusual pain, swelling, weakness, loss of sensation or soreness while exercising or participating in sports activities, talk to your doctor.

Sometimes chronic exertional compartment syndrome is mistaken for shin splints, a more common cause of leg pain in young people who do a lot of vigorous weight-bearing activity, such as running. If you think you have shin splints and the pain doesn't get better with self-care, talk to your doctor.

Causes

The cause of chronic exertional compartment syndrome isn't completely understood. When you exercise, your muscles expand in volume. If you have chronic exertional compartment syndrome, the tissue that encases the affected muscle (fascia) doesn't expand with the muscle, causing pressure and pain in a compartment of the affected limb.

Some experts suggest that how you move while exercising might have a role in causing chronic exertional compartment syndrome. Other causes might include having muscles that enlarge excessively during exercise, having an especially inflexible fascia surrounding the affected muscle compartment or having high pressure within your veins.

Risk factors

Certain factors increase your risk of developing chronic exertional compartment syndrome, including:

Age. Although people of any age can develop chronic exertional compartment syndrome, the condition is most common in male and female athletes under age 30.
Type of exercise. Repetitive impact activity — such as running — increases your risk of developing the condition.
Overtraining. Working out too intensely or too frequently also can raise your risk of chronic exertional compartment syndrome.

Complications

Chronic exertional compartment syndrome isn't a life-threatening condition and usually doesn't cause lasting damage if you get appropriate treatment. However, pain, weakness or numbness associated with chronic exertional compartment syndrome may prevent you from continuing to exercise or practice your sport at the same level of intensity.

Oct. 21, 2022

Overview

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is an uncommon condition in which an abnormally positioned or enlarged calf muscle presses on the main artery behind the knee (popliteal artery). The artery becomes trapped, making it harder for blood to flow to the lower leg and foot.

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome is most common among athletes.

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome care at Mayo Clinic

Symptoms

The main symptom of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is pain or cramping in the back of the lower leg (the calf) that occurs during exercise and goes away with rest. Other signs and symptoms may include:

Cold feet after exercise
Tingling or burning in your calf (paresthesia)
Numbness in the calf area

If the nearby vein (popliteal vein) also becomes trapped by the calf muscle, you may have:

Heavy feeling in the leg
Lower leg cramping at night
Swelling in the calf area
Changes in skin color around the calf muscle
Blood clots in the lower leg (deep vein thrombosis)

Symptoms typically affect young, otherwise healthy people under age 40.

When to see a doctor

See your doctor if you have any type of leg pain, especially if you have calf or foot cramping during activity that gets better with rest.

Causes

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is caused by an abnormal calf muscle, usually the gastrocnemius muscle.

The condition may occur from birth (congenital) or develop later in life (acquired). In the congenital form, the calf muscle or nearby artery is abnormally positioned while the baby grows in the mother's womb. People with the acquired form of PAES have a calf muscle that is bigger than normal (enlarged).

The abnormal calf muscle presses on the main artery behind the knee (popliteal artery), reducing blood flow to the lower leg. The lack of blood flow results in pain and cramping in the back of the lower leg during times of activity.

Risk factors

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is uncommon. The following things increase your risk of the condition.

Younger age. The condition is most often seen in people who are in their late teens or 20s. It's rarely diagnosed in those over age 40.
Being male. PAES can occur in anyone, but it's much more common in young men.
Strenuous athletic activity. Runners, bicyclists, and athletes who try to build muscle fast with weight training routines or high-intensity circuit training are at the highest risk.

Complications

Long-term pressure on the popliteal artery can cause the artery to narrow (stenosis), causing pain and cramping with just slight activity, such as walking.

In severe cases or when undiagnosed, the nerves and muscles in the leg can become damaged. Blood clots may occur in the lower leg (deep vein thrombosis). Older athletes with signs and symptoms of popliteal artery entrapment syndrome should be checked for popliteal aneurysm, which is common in older men.

Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome care at Mayo Clinic

Sept. 08, 2022

Goldman L, et al., eds. Other peripheral arterial diseases. In: Goldman-Cecil Medicine. 25th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders Elsevier; 2016. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed June 17, 2019.
Hicks C, et al. Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome. Vascular Medicine. 2019;24:190.
AskMayoExpert. Popliteal artery entrapment. Rochester, Minn.: Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research; 2018.
Rainbow CR, et al. Calf injuries not involving the Achilles tendon. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search. Accessed June 17, 2019.
Kitchens CS, et al., eds. Nonarteriosclerotic disorders of the arterial system. In: Consultative Hemostasis and Thrombosis. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier; 2019. https://www.clinicalkey.com. Accessed June 17, 2019.
DeMartino RR (expert opinion). Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn. June 30, 2019.

Which action would be the nurse's first priority when receiving a client with major burns?

During the emergent phase, the priority of client care involves maintaining an adequate airway and treating the client for burn shock. The eyes should be irrigated with water immediately if a chemical burn occurs.

Which symptom would the nurse observe on a client who sustained a superficial partial thickness burn?

Symptoms of Superficial Partial-Thickness Burns With superficial partial-thickness burns, the skin will be extremely red, appear wet and/or shiny, painful to the touch, and will form blisters. Once again, blanching may occur, but color will return quickly after pressure is removed.

What is the relationship between a client's burning body surface?

Which relationship between a client's burned body surface area and fluid loss should the nurse consider when evaluating fluid loss in a client with burns? Directly proportional: There is a greater extravasation of fluid into the tissues as the amount of tissue volume increases.

Which assessment indicates the expected outcome of the fluid resuscitation for a client with a burn injury?

To determine the severity of a burn injury, assess both the TBSA burned and the depth of the burn injury. The TBSA measurement is used to estimate fluid resuscitation requirements and to assess the risk of death.